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Athletics. Main sports Sports message

Introduction
1. Computer technologies in the educational process of physical culture and sports
2. The concept of creating computer programs
3. The concept of using computer programs in the educational process of physical culture and sports
4. Characteristics of a number of computer programs
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

Information technology is a mixture of devices, methods and tools that allow you to manipulate information outside the human brain. These are computers and software, peripheral devices and communication systems up to satellite.

One of the trends in modern society is the ever-increasing role and value of information and information technology (IT).

IT is also used in the field of physical culture and sports (FKiS). However, it mainly uses systems and software. general purpose: computers, office equipment, system software, software packages for mathematical statistics, etc. Attempts to solve PC&S-specific tasks using IT are very rare.

As an illustration of the above, you can cite the training program for students of the Russian State Academy of Physical Culture for the course "Computer technologies". Its author, as an example of computer programs specific to the physical culture and sports, cites only the trainer's diary. As they say, comments are superfluous. Where are the programs used to manage the industry, the training process, planning the training load, sports events, diagnostic systems for mathematical modeling of human movements, etc.? We are far from thinking of accusing the authors of this training program of incompetence. The fact is that at present there are practically no software tools for the above problems, tested and having the documentation necessary for operation.

The question arises: what is the reason for the relatively insignificant use of IT for solving specific problems in the sphere of physical education and training? In general, it can be characterized as the unpreparedness of the sphere of physical education and training for the use of IT.

At the same time, in recent years, a significant number of publications have been published devoted to computer programs created for the FKiS. However, these publications lack a description of such development stages as conceptualization and identification, formalization and algorithmicization (the content of these stages will be given by us below), without which their scientific value is practically zero and the work is of an advertising and informational nature. Often in this kind of work, the "fetishization" of the computer, growing on the basis of computer illiteracy, is exploited, and the very fact of using computer technology is presented as a scientific achievement, even if it is used as a typewriter. But it is the process of reducing the problem to be solved to a mathematical one and its solution that are of greatest interest for this class of developments, since mathematical modeling becomes a research method and allows one to obtain new results.

1. Computer technologies in the educational process of physical culture and sports

Computer technologies as a part of information technologies form a fundamentally different style of work, which turns out to be more psychologically acceptable, comfortable, mobilizing human creativity and intellectual potential.

The creation of new computer technology is not an end in itself; first of all, it is aimed at using computer technologies in scientific research, production, everyday life, sports, for the implementation of educational and other socially significant tasks. Providing the educational process with computer programs has always accompanied the development of theoretical and practical ideas on their effective use in teaching. In this regard, the development of the theory and practice of using computer technologies in the educational process is of scientific interest.

The main requirement for automated training systems should be their organic compliance with psychophysiological models of activity and training.

With regard to the practical use of computer programs (CP) in the educational process, this means:

carefully worked out motivation for learning not only of a “compulsory” nature (assessment), but also of personal interest and satisfaction with the educational process;

assessment of the final result, wide freedom of choice, encouragement of intelligent creativity in the learning process;

an individual approach to the student and his adaptation in the learning process.

The technology of computer learning is considered as learning, taking into account the final results of students' activities, and it is given the character of a sustainable, purposeful and effective process of cognition.

The use of computer technology (CT) in teaching is a kind of cognitive management process.

When developing the theory of managing cognitive activity with the help of KP, one cannot take a simplified point of view, believing that a technical tool itself controls complex psychological processes, one of which is human learning. CP is only a means and an intermediary between the teacher and the student, and the management of cognitive activity occurs only within the framework of the model chosen by the teacher at the stages of the formation of the curriculum and the conduct of classes.

The teacher's choice of the nature of control actions depends on both the learning objectives and the existing limitations. It is necessary to rationally distribute funds between different types of the learning process and, on this basis, to ensure the optimal behavior of students in the “knowledge space”, despite their possible negative reactions.

Computer technology like technical means trainings develop within the framework of the existing educational process, therefore, they should, to a greater or lesser extent, be compatible with this process in terms of control actions, but at the same time, created or created CTs can actively influence changes not only in teaching methods, but also on the whole technology of the educational process.

The implementation of new types of control actions in the context of the use of CT is greatly simplified due to the individualization of training and the ability to quickly control knowledge of both new material and any passed.

In the context of the existing organization of the educational process, taken as the basis for its consistent improvement and improving the quality of training of specialists, it is necessary to highlight the criteria for the need, possibility and expediency of using CT.

The need for CT arises when the methods, methods, techniques used do not ensure the achievement of the set pedagogical goal in the shortest possible time.

The possibility of using CT appears in the case when the tasks performed by the teacher and the student can be sufficiently formalized and adequately reproduced with the help of technical means, provided that the requirements for the quality of the result achieved are met.

The fundamental difference between CT and any other training system is that it requires unconditional and sufficient activity of the controlled subject. The student, receiving information from the training program, enters new information in the form of answers, questions and requests for help.

Learning management includes two interrelated processes: the organization of student activities and control over these activities. These processes interact continuously: the result of control affects the content of control actions, i.e. for the further organization of activities. In turn, the organization of a certain activity requires both a certain form of control and a specific method of registering this activity. Combinations of these processes and transitions from one to another are possible. This or a similar approach is recommended when creating programs not only for higher, but also for secondary schools. Let's look at some examples.

Teachers of the Uzbek State Institute of Physical Culture have developed training CPs for the educational process of their university: “Mathematical statistics”, “Sports metrology”, “Biomechanics”, “Control of students' knowledge”.

A whole complex of KP was developed at RGAFK. Thus, a model has been created that simulates urgent adaptation processes in the body of athletes, the ISOTONE CP for isotone, shaping, aerobics, bodybuilding.

At the University. N.E. Bauman, an information and methodological system has been created that functions in an interactive mode. KP solves three main tasks:

- control and management of the course of the educational process;

- Creation and maintenance of methodological and information documents in the form of a database;

- search and reading of information.

A group of specialists prepared a computer system for the operational planning of training for middle-distance runners for a period of up to two months for the general preparatory and pre-competition stages of training.

At the St. Petersburg State Technical University (Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture -) and at the Samara State Aerospace University named after V.I. SP Korolev () for several years have been creating CP for use in the educational process in the discipline "Physical culture". Thus, in 2001, the Interuniversity Center for Physical Education plans to complete the computerization of all theoretical material on the discipline "Physical culture", which will include theoretical and methodological materials, static illustrations, CP, video rings and video clips

Solution convenient storage the results of pedagogical diagnostics with the assessment of the introduced indicators, with the possibility of comparing individual indicators in dynamics or between different athletes on the example of gymnastics was undertaken at the Russian State Academy of Physical Culture. In fact, it is an information program, but with assessment elements.

Another area of ​​physical culture is devoted to the works of G.I. Couple and S.Ya. Chimaev, in which, within the framework of physical culture and recreation complexes, a system of computer modeling of the process of health rehabilitation and carrying out recovery measures for workers of construction and shipbuilding professions is justified, which allows using an individual approach based on taking into account the morphological and functional characteristics of the human body.

In sports activities, CT began to be used much earlier than in the educational process in physical education. In a number of sports, computers have become an integral part of the training process for athletes.

So, with the help of CT in the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, control and training in rowing technique is carried out. This program can also be used as a selection system. Also for the selection system, but not in a specific sport, but in almost all types, there is an automated control system for a standardized assessment of the level of development of motor functions.

The automated system “Tenzo”, developed at NIIFK (St. Petersburg) more than ten years ago for assessing the level of athletes' manifestation of special qualities in jumps, squats, and jerks, is devoted to the problem of using a strain gauge platform in combination with a computer. At about the same time, similar systems were being created at St. In MGAFK, widely known for its developments in weightlifting, a CP has been created that allows you to analyze the technique of performing various sports movements in this sport. A hardware and software video complex, combined with a computer, has been created at RGAFK to create optimized models of equipment, the parameters of which can be compared with individual models. In the Khabarovsk State Institute of Physical Culture S.S. Dobrovolsky developed a simulator (inertial track), successfully combined with a computer, for dosed and automated regulation of power capabilities. It allows you to quickly assess the effectiveness of various training factors and technique options, to determine the level of development of physical qualities.

In the Krasnodar State Institute of Physical Culture, a computerized complex has been developed and created to ensure the training process in athletics. It includes a system for measuring instantaneous speed, a system for measuring rhythmic characteristics running step, a system for measuring speed on control segments of running distances, a tensometric system for assessing support reactions, a system for rapid assessment of heart rate, a system for assessing the electrical activity of muscles.

For use in training qualified shooters, a manual has been developed for calculating the structural and functional units of load in shooting, which allows you to select the necessary load parameters for building the training process. The authors did not stop at creating this computational program and developed a computer training program “Modeling training session in sports shooting ”.

UralSAPC has created an automated system “Reaction” designed to study the basic properties of the human nervous system and detect sensory deviations. The automated system "Reaction" is a computer implementation of instrumental psychophysiological and psychophysical techniques.

CT scans are widely used to help conduct competitions different levels in various sports. The systems make it possible to automate the work of the secretariat at the competitions.

A large number of works are devoted to the creation of control systems, assessment and accumulation of information on the level of physical fitness, health status of schoolchildren, students, cadets, athletes, etc.

A number of programs, systems, complexes were created to ensure the work of specialists in related or combined with physical culture and sports activities branches: medicine, physiology, biochemistry, sociology. So, back in 1978 V.D. Goncharov suggested using computers in the sociology of sports.

V.V. was one of the first to systematize KP in physical culture. Zaitsev and V.D. Sonkin. It also shows the structure of a typical computer health-improving program and, as an example, presents the KP “personal trainer”, one of the most important tasks of which is to assess the adaptive potential of the cardiovascular system with the presentation of a health passport.

Specialists of VNIIFK and the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents have created a CP that helps a person in conducting independent studies: it evaluates (but does not measure) heart rate indicators, determines the amount of work done and the energy cost of the exercises performed.

The analysis of existing scientific developments allows us to assess the approximate completeness of the use of CT and to develop concepts for the creation and use of CP in physical culture, in which considerable credit belongs to the teacher - a system analyst.

2. The concept of creating computer programs.

At the stage of setting the didactic task for the development of the CP, the goals and content of the training are determined, which are achieved through the use of the CP.

It is necessary to divide the learning goal into sub-goals with the definition of their hierarchy, the nature of the relationship, monitoring and adjusting them. The focus of individual lessons, which lead step by step to the final goal, are implemented through educational procedures: understanding knowledge, control of knowledge, development of skills, control of skills.

Algorithms for creating CP

When creating a commercial proposal, it is necessary, in addition to the educational (training) component, to provide for and social characteristics the group of people for which this program is intended, and the technical capabilities for the implementation of the plan.

Considering all this, the teacher - a systems analyst - independently creates a draft version of the KP according to the following algorithm:

1) determines the need to create a commercial proposal for a specific educational material;

2) finds the intended place for the future program in the ongoing learning process;

3) formulates the learning objectives to be achieved when working with this program, and suggests possible effect its use in the educational process;

4) determines the initial level of knowledge of students;

5) prepares students for computer work;

6) determines the structure of the program and the content of individual elements;

7) takes into account the optimal feedback (control, correction) and the overall assessment of the student's work with the program;

8) presents a scenario (draft version) of the CP, available for implementation on an appropriate computer.

At the next stage, the programmer, teachers and students are involved in the work as experts.

Designing a KP script is of great importance in the technology of its development and comes down to creating a macrostructure of the student's dialogue with the system and the microstructure of screens. At this stage, the texts of the dialogues are developed and the screens are constructed using a logical approach.

Implementation of the KP script means entering the developed script into the computer memory and debugging it.

Approbation of CP in the educational process involves its examination and, if necessary, correction with experimental implementation in the educational process.

Development of problems contributing to the avoidance of errors, primarily didactic ones, in the preparation of the commercial proposal.

When working on the creation of complex CP, this primarily relates to training programs, it is necessary to remember about solving some specific problems that students may encounter in the process of working with the programs. Such problems include: loss of orientation when working in hypertext programs, lack of consideration of general predictive patterns and finding technological limits.

Loss of orientation. To reduce the possibility of loss of orientation when working in hypertext programs, a number of methods are used, such as:

- material filtration;

- the ability to install an individual algorithm before starting or while working with the program;

- the use of bookmarks that allow you to return to the marked node the next time you access the program;

- the use of artificial intelligence methods.

Technological limits, forecasting Technological limit is a key section for forecasting scientific developments, state dynamics, etc. Limit states are an integral part of our business and personal life. Whatever we do or produce, we run into a certain limit. And we cannot get around it, therefore, approaching the limit, it is necessary to change the direction of movement, and the sooner, the better, otherwise - inadequate spending, stagnation.

The ability to recognize limits is critical in determining success or failure, as the limit is the most reliable key to identifying when a new technology is being used.

The creation of a new generation of commercial software using artificial intelligence systems, expert systems can come to a dead end if the general laws of forecasting and the theory of technological limits are not taken into account when preparing programs.

3. The concept of using computer programs in the educational process of physical culture and sports

The concept considers the components of the cognition process, examining it in connection with the possibilities of enhancing the autonomy of learning. The concept of computerization of the learning process is based on a set of subjective desires, prerequisites and objective possibilities of organizing a rational process of cognition using the intellectual components of CT.

The concept of using KP in the educational process includes:

- KP classification;

– schematic diagram the permanent process of improving the educational process with the help of a computer;

- principles of using CT in the educational process;

- complex use of information technologies.

The essence of the proposed teaching concept is the systematic use of CP in combination with other information technologies necessary to create an individual algorithm for human learning. The computer is directly embedded in the information technology of teaching and becomes such a desirable element of the educational system that, in its absence, a certain discomfort arises for both the student and the teacher.

The technology of computer learning, based on the information provided by the concept, considers learning taking into account the final results of students' activities, giving it the character of a sustainable, purposeful and effective learning process.

KP classification

CP can be classified according to content orientation, features of use, method of presentation of the material (Fig. 1).

The classification of CP by orientation is based on the main purpose of this CP, which is contained in the name itself: teaching - for teaching; controlling - for control; informational - to obtain information. This division, of course, is rough and not absolute, since almost every training program is both controlling and, to some extent, informational. Similar examples can be given for other programs, although there are programs that work as if autonomously - only of one type. To streamline the CP, we propose to classify them as one type or another according to the main task solved by this program.

Teaching CPs are subdivided into electronic textbooks and electronic teaching aids. KPs include, as a rule, different types illustrative presentation of material: static type, plane animation and in the form of computer video animation, or complex - multimedia (various combinations of audio, video, animation, etc.).

Controlling CP can be conditionally divided into three areas:

- managerial;

- knowledge control;

- condition monitoring individual systems organism.

Information KPs can be either built into training or monitoring programs, or stand-alone. Information computer programs can be subdivided as follows:

- reference and bibliographic;

- encyclopedias;

- narrow topics, etc.

According to the method of access, programs can be open or closed. For the owners, or rather developers, of these programs, they are, as a rule, open, and for users they can be both open and closed.

Most of the CP, developed for the educational process, can be used both in the educational and in the non-educational process, although there are exceptions.

Schematic diagram of the permanent process of improving the educational process with the help of a computer.

According to the concept of using computers in the educational process, the improvement of teaching methods using a computer can go in two ways:

a) improving the technology of computer programs in the educational process;

b) improvement of programming technology.

A prerequisite for the functioning of the presented scheme is the presence of double feedback, which allows timely adjustments to the pedagogical process, and to the technology of using KP, and to the programming technology.

Principles of using CT in the educational process

The effectiveness of using CTs largely depends on their place in the pedagogical process and on the method of presentation.

Each of these areas includes the following principles for using CT in the educational process:

  • the principle of innovation, when special training courses contain materials for the study of various aspects and possibilities of using computer technology both in the educational process and in work in the intended specialty;
  • the principle of modeling is the use of special training courses that combine theoretical acquaintance with the practical use of the results in educational and training sessions;
  • the principle of support - the application of teaching methods of theoretical and practical sections using CT;
  • the principle of monitoring is the use of KP to monitor the level of knowledge, skills and condition different systems organism;
  • the principle of information support - obtaining the necessary information with the help of specialized information KP.

Integrated use of information technology

Information means in physical culture include computer, audio and video programs, printed materials. Information means, the procedure and peculiarities of their use, the presence of feedback, which allows to correct the curriculum, are united by the general term information technology.

Applying information technologies, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of their complex use, i.e. to compose, find or create thematic complexes.

The optimal situation is when the teacher or student has the opportunity to choose any means of information technology on a specific topic of the program for use in the educational process.

Information thematic complexes can include methodological developments, purposefully created for a specific task, or methodological developments for complex purposes.

Examples of some information thematic complexes developed at the Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture.

Complex "Flexibility"

The information thematic complex "Flexibility" includes information materials that help the study of theoretical aspects and the practical development of the technology for the development of flexibility. The complex is intended for use in educational and non-educational processes, with independent studies of students. It includes:

  1. Printed textbook “Technology of Flexibility Development”.
  2. Training video "Flexibility development technology".

The developments included in the complex complement each other well, revealing each of its individual aspects. Thus, the printed textbook "Technology of flexibility development" allows you to study theoretical materials on the terminology, structure and features of the functioning of joints, control and self-control over the level of flexibility development, regulation of physical activity. It also presents an illustrated set of exercises to develop flexibility. An immediate continuation of this tutorial is the training video "Technology for Developing Flexibility." The film shows and tells about the sequence of the selection of exercises for the development of flexibility, special attention is paid to exercises that are quite complex in terms of methodology, depending on the type of exercise, the number of performers is selected (from one to four).

Complex "Athletic training"

The information thematic complex includes the following developments on the use of athletic training in educational and non-educational processes:

  1. Printed guidelines: "Organization and methodology of physical exercises with the use of exercise equipment", "Methods of training in athleticism."
  2. Training video “Training in gym”.
  3. Training CP "Athlete".

In the printed materials, the problems of organizing classes with the use of simulators are considered; are given general provisions methods of strength development with a description of the most common training methods and regulation of approaches, repetitions, rest and pace of execution; describes the methodology of control and self-control in the classroom for athletic training.

The main and connecting development in this thematic complex is the training CP "Athlete". It, in fact, serves as a computer self-instruction manual for athletic training of students, it includes both theoretical sections and guidelines on the implementation of both individual exercises and the educational process as a whole from one lesson to several years of preparation. Complementing the entire thematic complex is the training video "Training in the gym". It shows the features of work on typical simulators that practically develop all muscle groups; during the film, it tells about the methodological features of conducting training sessions.

Complex "Aerobics, shaping ..."

When implementing the principles of humanization and humanitarization in the pedagogical process of physical education of students, we paid attention to the natural interest of girls in everything that concerns their figure, physique, posture and this section of the discipline " physical education”For many - one of the most important. Based on this interest, more precisely on its provision, we have prepared a thematic complex “Aerobics, shaping”, which includes four developments:

  1. Printed tutorial “Learn to model your figure.”
  2. KP "Mini-shaping".
  3. KP "Grace".
  4. KP "Grace - competition".

The printed tutorial “Learn to model your figure” contains the basic theoretical knowledge necessary to organize shaping classes with students in the framework of educational, extracurricular and independent studies. The manual includes sections on computer modeling, nutrition, control, exercise complexes.

Specially for use in the educational process, the KP "Mini-shaping" has been developed, which allows you to solve four main tasks. The first is the educational beginning, stimulates the students to further independent acquaintance with various teaching materials on this issue... The second is the determination of the individual range of norms according to the measurements (weight, circumference, diameters, indicators of body composition, physical fitness, etc.). The third is the acquisition of knowledge and skills to carry out measurement procedures and correlate the obtained data with model values. The fourth is the definition for each practitioner of real tasks for body shaping and physical fitness for the next 3-4 months.

More details about KP “Grace” and “Grace - competition” will be discussed below.

4. Characteristics of a number of computer programs

One of the main methodological tasks of using CT is to provide a person with maximum opportunities in mastering educational material, taking into account his individual characteristics and inclinations.

Computer program "Athlete"

KP "Athlete" is educational and is developed according to the principle of network presentation of material (hypertext system).

The Athlete program does not have a data model that would serve as a framework for storing information, i.e. there is no rigid text scrolling algorithm. A student or teacher, working with this program, establishes those connections, the sequence that he considers necessary, which allows him to make the most of an individual approach to teaching. The program is developed in 4 levels, which facilitates orientation when working with it, but at the same time allows the student to choose the desired level of knowledge acquisition personally for him.

The “Athlete” program includes both plane animation (Fig. 3) and screens with video animation clips.

The assessment of the assimilation of theoretical material allows the student or the teacher to reveal the degree of assimilation of the acquired knowledge in the course "Athletic training" in percent (100% is taken as the absence of errors in answering control questions).

Computer program "Grenade throwing technique"

KP "Technique of throwing grenades" is prepared for a detailed study of the features of throwing a grenade from the knee different parties the implementation of this sports movement.

This type of demonstration of the technique of movement compares favorably with video filming in that all secondary objects are eliminated and when performing the movement, attention is focused on the main elements.

Computer program "Fitness"

At present, the principle of health-improving orientation of physical culture lessons is becoming more and more relevant. Human health is one of the global problems of our time, in which the greatest aggravation of contradictions is evident: the costs of civilization could not but negatively affect the state of health of a modern person.

One of the most promising areas that can significantly increase the effectiveness of physical culture and recreation activities is the personal interest of each person in strengthening their health. And the task of specialists working in the field of health-improving physical culture is to awaken interest in the formation of a healthy lifestyle. In solving this problem, electronic computing technology can and does provide great help.

Teachers, sports doctors, when assessing the physical condition of students, face a number of problems: heterogeneity of units for measuring test results, a wide variety of test programs, a low level of motivation for both students and teachers, insufficient teacher preparation for testing, etc.

The question of equipping a doctor and a teacher with tools, knowledge, which allows using the means and methods of physical culture for the rehabilitation and health improvement of people of different ages, remains topical.

We have developed KP "Fitness", which allows, based on the knowledge of experts, to obtain objective data on health, physical development, fitness and functioning of the main life support systems in a short period of time with the issuance of a formalized opinion and scientifically based recommendations (Fig. 5 and 6). The program offers to perform a large number of tests, but only a number of indicators are required physical development, and in physical and functional fitness - any one test.

The developed evaluation computer program is intended for men and women 18 - 45 years old. The goal of the program is to assess and model a healthy lifestyle.

Computer program "Fitness" consists of 4 blocks

Computer program "Grace".

Creating the “Grace” program, we have identified, clarified and grouped the problems, the solution of which is of most interest to girls when practicing shaping and aerobics. Ways of solving each of these problems are proposed. The block for assessing the physical condition and readiness allows you to control the dynamics of these indicators to make appropriate adjustments to the educational and training process.

A) I.P. - groan on the knees, support on the forearms, one leg raised and bent at the knee. Swing up bent leg... Do not lower the thigh low. B) I.P. - groan Sideways to the wall, holding on to it. Swing right (left) leg back, do not tilt the body forward. B) I.P. - groan on your knees, rest on your forearms, stretch one leg, trying to keep it not parallel to the floor, but slightly higher. Bend and unbend the leg at the knee.

The "Grace" program is primarily aimed at solving methodological problems in accordance with the individual wishes of those who go in for physical culture and orientates students to independent studies.

Computer program "Grace - competition"

One of the directions in attracting people to aerobics and shaping is the organization and holding of small, within the framework of one or several universities, competitions-contests.

With this in mind, the KP was created, which allows competitive competitions to be held at a fairly high level.

The competition program includes four sections:

  1. Assessment of the figure (basic parameters are assessed: weight, waist, hips).
  2. Assessment of physical indicators (strength, flexibility).
  3. Evaluation of the performance of the dance program.
  4. Assessment of knowledge (questions on nutrition, training and daily regimen).

The results of the competition are summed up by summing up the points (taking into account the weights obtained by the expert method) for all sections of the program. The ranking of all participants is carried out depending on the accumulated points with a printout of the final protocol.

KP allows you to quickly and efficiently conduct competitions. The organization and holding of mini-competitions is, of course, a good incentive to regularly attend classes, conduct independent studies, optimize diet, work and rest.

Computer distance course in the discipline "Physical culture"

Employees of the Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture have begun to develop a distance computer course in the discipline "Physical culture". The goal is to create a computer-oriented educational and methodological complex that facilitates the study of the theoretical section of the curriculum. The distance course complies with the state educational standard of higher vocational education... Several topics have been prepared for today.

The distance course includes theoretical and methodological materials, static illustrations, computer programs, video rings and videos, animations.

The distance course is aimed at the formation of physical culture in the general cultural training of students, reveals the socio-biological foundations of physical culture, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle and lifestyle, the degree of professionally applied physical fitness of students.

Conclusion

The computer contributes to the efficiency of intellectual activity in the process of educational and extracurricular processes. By analogy with sports, where high-quality sports equipment allows you to show the best results, the computer enhances and diversifies mental activity.

Computer programs, computer technologies as technical teaching aids are developing within the framework of the existing learning process, therefore, they must, to a greater or lesser extent, be compatible with this process from the point of view of control actions. At the same time, these programs can actively influence and influence changes not only in individual teaching methods, but also in the entire educational process.

List of sources used

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3. Volkov V.Yu. Computer technologies in the educational process of physical culture at the university: Monograph. - SPb .: SPbSTU, 1997.
4. Livitsky A.N., Faktorovich L.M. On some aspects of computerization of physical education universities // Theor. and practical. physical cult. 1994, No. 3/4.
5. Shestakov M.P. and other Modern computer technologies in the development of sports science // Theor. and practical. physical cult. 1996, no. 8.
6. Bogdanov V.M., Ponomarev V.S., Solovov A.V. The use of modern information technologies in the theoretical and methodological-practical training of students in physical education / Mater. All-Russian scientific-practical conf. SPb., 2000.
7. Bogdanov V.M., Ponomarev V.S., Solovov A.V. The use of modern information technologies in the theoretical and methodological-practical training of students in physical education / Mater. All-Russian scientific-practical conf. SPb., 2000.
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Abstract on the topic "Information technology in sports" updated: June 13, 2018 by the author: Scientific Articles.Ru

Sport is the activity of people, which is organized according to certain rules and is a juxtaposition of intellectual or physical capabilities.

What is sport?

Sport is a specific type of intellectual and physical activity that is performed by a person for competitive purposes. The main motivation for going in for sports is a person's desire to improve his physical health, to get a sense of moral satisfaction.

Thanks to sports, physical and psychological characteristics are improved. Sport is the main and integral part of physical education. It is sport that fully reveals and mobilizes the moral and mental qualities of a person.

The origin of sports

Sport has unusually ancient roots, which go back to the early states of 3 thousand BC. The first sports competitions were held in ancient Babylon, in honor of the god Marduk, the patron saint of this city.

A thousand years later, the ancient Greeks established the famous Olympiads. Sports such as archery, sword fencing, chariot racing, belt wrestling, horse racing and javelin throwing were featured in these competitions.

In ancient India, such a sport as equestrian polo arose. The ancient Egyptians hosted weightlifting, running, and fist fighting competitions.

Scientists have discovered more than 400 images on ancient tablets that were discovered during excavations in Egypt. different types sports, which speaks of the development of physical culture in this state.

Sports in different historical times

In the Middle Ages, physical culture was not going through the most favorable period. The Catholic Church, which dominated society at the time, strictly forbade body worship, and hence sports. However, sports did not completely disappear during this period.

Even in the early Middle Ages, knightly tournaments were held, in which knights demonstrated the level of their sports skills. Competitions between warriors were very common - fencing, archery, swimming, long jump.

However, all sports competitions were held not for the sake of human physical development, but mainly for the sake of spectacles, which were very popular in the Middle Ages.

In the Renaissance, physical competition was replaced by intellectual competition. Logical mind sports have become very common.

At the end of the 19th century, the tradition of holding Olympic Games... New sports were included in these competitions. The peak of the development of sports in the 20th century fell on the post-war period. It was then that specialized sports schools for youth.

Nowadays, great attention is paid to the development of physical culture in children. After all, sport not only has a beneficial effect on health and development, but also fosters leadership qualities in a person.

The sport is probably as old as the human race itself. It developed with the development and growth of humanity.

All over the world, people of all ages love sports and sports games. Sport not only helps people get stronger and physically develop, but also makes them more focused and organized in their daily activities. It supports a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sport helps people stay healthy.

We all need to exercise. Even if you are not planning to pursue a career as an athlete, you need training.

Regular exercise gives you more energy. Therefore, people suffering from general fatigue need more physical activity than rest. Exercise improves your well-being and appearance.

The best exercises are those that contain repetitive movements, such as walking, running, or swimming. Bending and stretching will give your body flexibility and a feeling of lightness.

Among the sports popular in our country, such as: football, basketball, volleyball, swimming, hockey, tennis, gymnastics, figure skating. Anyone can choose a sport for any time of the year, for every taste.

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Sports in your life

Everyday sports

Badminton

Playing badminton is an excellent exercise for the heart and lungs, it promotes the development of flexibility in the body and endurance of the body in general. This game strengthens the muscles of the back, shoulders and also improves posture. Although this is a very dynamic game, you can not overexert yourself, but play for your own pleasure with a friend or girlfriends, or you can also play in mixed pairs. In addition, minus 175 calories in half an hour is provided to you.

First, you must learn to use the racket and shuttlecock: you need to hit with the wrist, not with the whole hand. The idea is to hit the shuttle while it is over the net; you win if your partner on the other side of the net does not have time to hit the shuttle before it hits the ground.

Badminton is played in the hall, on a court with a wooden floor, but you can also play outside, on the grass, if it is not very windy.

Jogging

Jogging is an excellent sport that improves heart, lungs and blood circulation. The more you run, the more calories you burn and the stronger your muscles become. Running, you can burn! 300 calories in half an hour.

The deep and rapid breathing of the runner is an excellent breathing exercise, during which the lungs, liver, spleen, stomach are massaged. This massage prevents stagnation of bile, eliminates constipation, reduces fat deposits in the omentum and abdominal cavity.

Running is an excellent means of strengthening the psyche. Nervous people, starting to run, become less irascible and irritable. People who run are always cheerful, active, confident in themselves.

How to start running correctly? For the first week, set a goal for yourself: 10-15 minutes of continuous running or 1.5 kilometers daily. You should rest when you lose your breath, having run 100-400 meters or after 2-3 minutes of movement. Walk until you regain your breath, then continue jogging again. Repeat this alternation until the time allotted for practice has expired or you have overcome the intended distance. Over time, you will see that running is easier and, finally, you will be able to run for 15 minutes without stopping.

Jog at your own pace. Choose a pace that allows you to breathe and speak freely. You can run with a friend and chat about something while driving. If you're running alone, try to mumble something under your breath. If you are unable to talk while running, then do not overexert yourself.

When jogging, you do not need to raise your knee high to put your foot forward. The knee should be bent only to put the leg forward in a straight line, without wasting additional energy in lateral movements.

Try to put your foot either on the entire foot or from the heel so that each step is, as it were, cushioned. Only sprinters put their feet off their toes. Their speed is much higher, as is the tension that falls on the muscles of the legs.

The position of the hands is relaxed, they should be placed quite low. Shake your shoulders and hands to make sure they are relaxed.

Strive for naturalness, you will gradually automatically develop the optimal running technique, which will allow you to overcome long distances.

In order not to get tired of running, you just need to avoid monotony, fixing the speed and not running alone. Change routes more often, even the same route, if you run it in the opposite direction, may seem unusual.

At the beginning of classes, it is better to go to the park for training, where there are many other joggers, and you will not feel awkward. If you train in the stadium, it is undesirable to run on the track, because it is quite tiring. But if there is no other suitable place, train on it. Cover a certain distance, for example, 3 kilometers. The greater distance covered on a stadium track usually discourages beginners from practicing. They usually say that this is a very boring and monotonous activity.

Training will give the greatest effect of tension if the next day there is an opportunity to recuperate. Therefore, the load the next day should be light - at the initial stage of training it can be either just rest, or walking, and later 5 kilometers at an easy pace.

Cycling

Cycling - good remedy to strengthen the legs, heart and lungs, as well as the ability to get rid of 330 calories in half an hour.

A bicycle with a regular high handlebar allows you to maintain a beautiful posture and makes riding it beneficial for your back muscles.

The choice of a bike should depend on the purpose for which you need it, that is, for serious cycling or just for walking around the city and out of town.

You can choose any clothes for cycling: shirt, T-shirt and comfortable shoes but wide trousers should be avoided as they can get caught in the wheels.

Volleyball

The idea of ​​the game is as follows: two teams of six players each send a leather or rubber ball through the net, about 2.5 meters high above the ground. It is allowed to use any part of the body above the belt for striking, but usually players hit with their hands clenched into a fist.

It is the opposing team's job to prevent the ball from touching the floor within the court. A team will lose a point if the ball hits the net or lands outside the court.

Volleyball promotes the development of joint strength and mobility, while stretching and jumping exercises have a beneficial effect on posture. Until you have gained sufficient experience in this game, hitting with your hand, head or other part of the body can cause pain and bruising.

Dress code - shorts and T-shirt, sports shoes with rubber soles or barefoot if the game is on the beach. Playing volleyball, you can lose 175 calories in half an hour.

Skating

Ice skating develops general mobility, improves circulation, posture and helps you control your weight - 200 calories in half an hour - a very good result. It also promotes coordination, while playing music on the rink will help you learn to feel the rhythm.

The only thing you need to practice this sport are boots with skates, which you can rent at any ice rink, but keep in mind that the skates must be well sharpened. Shoes should be chosen at least half a size smaller than the shoes. They should be worn over thin socks. A sweater and trousers will complement your wardrobe. If you are a beginner, then gloves and a helmet will do the trick.

Roller skating

Roller skating is easy to learn. It is very enjoyable and beneficial for the development of general mobility, strengthens the legs, and also allows you to burn 175 calories in half an hour. You need to have knee pads and elbow pads for roller skating.

Roller skating is possible wherever it does not create inconvenience and danger for passers-by. In addition to roller skating rinks, parks have designated areas for this. Many skating rinks have clubs and coaches to help you learn to skate faster.

skiing

Skiing is one of the best sports for maintaining an excellent body condition. When you go skiing, turning, bending and pushing off with poles, you develop flexibility. knee joints and ankles. For half an hour of skiing, you can lose 300 calories.

When buying or renting skis, make sure that the bindings are correctly positioned and that they hold the boots well. The shoes should completely hug the leg, especially at the ankle. Best for skiing is a nylon waterproof ski suit worn over a sweater. You will also need a cap that covers your ears, thick gloves.

Swimming

Swimming is a loss of 175 calories in half an hour. Swimming superbly develops the heart and lungs, general mobility and strength of the body, and regular and vigorous swimming increases endurance. There are several types of swimming: the most intense is the crawl; breaststroke - least complex view swimming, also there is backstroke, butterfly.

A big danger to avoid when swimming is immersion in cold water, which raises blood pressure, and too much stress. However, not knowing how to swim poses an even greater danger.

In any pool there are groups for beginners, where you can sign up to learn how to swim.

Jumping rope

Jumping rope can be part of a set of exercises to develop muscles or improve your figure. They help to strengthen the body and muscles, and improve posture. It is a good warm-up to increase endurance and coordination, good for your heart and lungs. By jumping rope, you can easily lose 400 calories in half an hour.

Muscle pain and breathing problems are normal side effects in this sport. Try to jump at a good pace, keeping your back straight, raising your feet just enough to jump over the rope, and then landing softly on your toes. It is recommended to breathe through the nose.

Alternate back and forth jumps, land on different feet, skip the rope twice in one jump. Try to keep your session up to 15 minutes a day.

Getting a good rope is very important. It is made from leather or heavy synthetic fibers and has balls at the ends for a soft spin. Loose clothing and sports shoes with rubber soles are suitable for jumping. It is advisable to jump on a soft surface.

Dancing

Dancing, you lose calories: modern dancing - 300 calories in half an hour; ballroom - 200; folk - 225; ballet - 200; tap dance - 200.

All kinds of dances are wonderful physical exercise... They improve coordination, flexibility and mobility, are good for the heart and lungs, and if you dance vigorously enough you can lose weight.

Ballet. This type of dance requires a lot of discipline and control. You need to start doing it at an early age.

Ballroom dancing. A very beautiful kind of dancing, especially when it comes to

about competitions. You can practice in special ballroom shoes, and they should have a lightweight and flexible sole. No new dancing shoes should be worn.

Folk dances. These dances are less formal and very crowded. Their members just want to have a good time and not follow the fashion.

Jazz, modern dance, disco. All these dances depend on how much you can improvise. These are mainly gymnastic exercises that help keep a person in shape. The sooner you start dancing, the better - you will be more relaxed, very flexible, relaxed, you will have a creative imagination.

Tap dance. It can be danced solo or in a group; in both versions, the task is the same - to work out a chain of steps. If you dance slowly, you can learn tap dance very quickly, without having to raise your legs high, you only need flexible knees and feet.

Tennis

Paired tennis at a relaxed pace is fun, intense solo play burns 220 calories in half an hour, trains the heart and lungs, increases flexibility, helps strengthen abdominal muscles, and is fun too.

While tennis can be played with equal pleasure at different levels, it still takes a certain amount of skill to serve and kicks, and you need a coach here. The object of the game is not only to throw the ball over the net within the white lines that define the court, but also to win the serve.

Common tennis clothes include white shorts, a T-shirt, socks, and white rubber-soled athletic shoes. When buying a racket, you or your parents should seek the advice of a professional to select one according to your height and weight. A racket in a wooden case is stored only under a press. If you are not going to play tennis regularly and professionally, but play only for your own pleasure, then you can rent a racket on any court.

Traditionally, tennis is played in the summer, but the indoor courts give you the opportunity to play all year round.

Skateboard

Skateboard - skateboarding. Now this sport is very popular among young people. It is better to start on a quiet and empty paved area with a girlfriend or friend who is already familiar with this sport. Don't forget about knee pads, elbow pads, gloves [helmet. Use a factory skateboard, as a homemade one is not safe.

Never ride on the road or on crowded sidewalks. Do not start on a very gentle slope. Don't try to stay on the skateboard until you fall. Better to jump off and try to do it all over again.

Skateboarding is a rather dangerous sport and you must skate very carefully to prevent accidents. It is very important to adhere to the main rule - never exceed the speed at which you are able to jump off the board and not fall.

Sport plays one of the key roles in human life. He brings joy, builds character, strengthens willpower and disciplines. There are many positive aspects that sports bring to everyday life, but it is better to consider this issue in more detail.

Attitude to sports

Sport has always been associated with a specific cultural element. Competitions, Olympiads, championships - all these are cultural events, the main component of which is sports. If we touch upon the question “the importance of sport in human life”, then first of all it is worth paying attention to such a factor as attitude. In total, four categories of people can be distinguished:

  • They don't like sports.
  • Considered a waste of time.
  • They love to watch someone go in for sports, but not to participate.
  • They believe that sports are one of the most important things in life.

Such a division has always been, however, earlier it was not so clearly expressed. Not so long ago, and sports were in demand by society. Sport also prepared young people for physical labor. Depending on how the upbringing system has evolved, sport has acquired a new meaning and has become a basic part of the culture that forms musculoskeletal system... And more than one generation of researchers said that physical culture and sports should always be present in human life.

Tragedy of culture

To date, the number of people interested in sports has dropped markedly. Only 10% of the country's inhabitants go in for sports, and this figure continues to fall. It should be noted that in developed countries this figure is 4-6 times higher.

Sports today are not as important as they used to be. The century of technological progress makes life convenient, comfortable and relieves of heavy physical activity... On the one hand, this is good, but on the other hand, reduction motor activity enhances the influence of negative factors on the body, reduces immunity and increases susceptibility to diseases.

Sport in a person's life is capable of many miracles, and you should not neglect simple and understandable exercises, because even they are useful for each of us. And each of these "miracles" should be given special attention.

Physical health

That sport has a positive effect on overall the physical state organism is not a secret to anyone. For many years in a row, scientists from different countries have been conducting studies that show how the state of the body improves after playing sports. Sports activities increase blood circulation, thereby strengthening the cardiovascular system. They help to improve metabolism, give a person vigor and charge with positive emotions. But this is just the tip of the iceberg, the role of sport in human life does not end there:

  • Exercise has a positive effect on bones. If you exercise regularly, then in old age such a disease as osteoporosis will be bypassed.
  • Not so long ago, Harvard conducted a study, as a result of which they came to the unanimous conclusion that sport improves sex life. Even short exercise sessions prove to be effective.
  • Muscles break down much faster with age. Before a person has time to lead the eye, his muscle corset will resemble a stretched turtleneck.
  • Sports strengthens the muscles in the intestines, which in turn improves digestion.
  • Prevents cancer. Studies have shown that people with sufficient physical activity much lower risk of cancer.

These are just some of the points that show what sport should be in a person's life. Especially if a person wants to be healthy and happy.

Mental health

By the way, about happiness: sport affects not only the body, but also the soul. Everyone knows that during exercise, the body produces a hormone of happiness, which allows a person to feel mild euphoria. Moreover:

  • reduce the risk of developing insanity and dementia. Studies have shown that sport improves the state of the brain, its cognitive functions and maintains it in the right tone.
  • Reduces stress levels. V modern world enough reasons for stress. Each person copes with them differently, but, as practice shows, sport helps not only to minimize the level of stress, but also to understand how to proceed.

Efficiency

Sport in human life is especially relevant lately. Quite often you can meet people on the street (especially in the morning) who are gloomily wandering to work. Often these are office workers, and for most of them, waking up with the alarm clock is a real torture, and they doze like this during the day. They cannot understand what happens when a person wakes up awake. It is for them that sports activities will be very useful.

Physical activity improves human performance and keeps the body in good shape. Sports improve the quality of sleep, which means it will be much easier to wake up in the morning. Also, playing sports can increase self-confidence, which will undoubtedly lead to beneficial changes in all areas of life.

The traps of the century

Sport is a panacea for everything: from feeling unwell and ending with self-doubt. The human body is not able to fully exist without physical exertion, and the sooner a person understands this, the more service he will render himself.

The 21st century provides a person with many opportunities, even now you can work remotely without leaving your home. And as practice shows, more and more people prefer “not going anywhere”, and meanwhile the indicator of the number of people who go in for sports is inexorably creeping downward. But the percentage of people who have serious illnesses at a young age is growing. Every person's sport must be present and the statistics speak for themselves.

And, perhaps, the fact that the need for physical labor is now actively decreasing is the main trap of the century, when sport turned into a kind of hobby and ceased to be an obligatory cultural element.