What is a miniature in ancient Russia definition. What is a miniature? Where did this definition happen and what development received in the modern world. New sensible-wording dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova

MINIATURE

elegant product of a very small size of a book-m. A miniature is a small picture of careful and elegant finish, with a subtle imposition of paints of thumbnails on paper, on porcelain, bone. Watercolor Nature. Miniature small drawing in paints in ancient manuscript, thumbnail book dramatic or musical work small shape (for example, intermedia, sketch, reprise) Miniature theater. Orchestral miniatures.

Ozhegov. Dictionary of Russian Ozhegov. 2012

Dictionary Ushakov

Miniature

miniature RA and Miniyatur, miniatures, wives. (from lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik) ( lawsuit).

1. Painted capital letter or small drawing in paints in the old manuscript ( philol.). Manuscript with miniatures.

2. A small picture, the finish of which is distinguished by thoroughness, subtlety and grace.

| only units., sobir. Such pictures like a genus painting. The art of miniatures.

3. . The work of the art of small sizes, small shape. Theater miniature. Collection of musical miniatures.

Medieval world in terms, names and names

Miniature

(from lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik) - a small picturesque image, an illustration in a handwritten book. The letters or the first lines of medieval manuscripts were written with red paint, so the image in these books began to call m. In the period of the Middle Ages in Byzantium, as well as in the Rec. Europa books M. Reached great perfection.

Culturalology. Dictionary dictionary

Miniature

(fr. MINIATURE, lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik) - an artistic work (usually pictorial) small size, differing in particularly thin manner of the imposition of paints. Initially, the miniature was called performed by gouache, watercolor and other paints illustrations, initials, screensavers, etc. In handwritten books. The art of book miniatures has reached high perfection in the medieval European, Middle East, Central Asian, Iranian and Indian culture. The name of the "miniature" passed on painting (mainly portrait) small format, performed on bones, parchment, cardboard, metal, china, often on household items - tobacker, clock, perrsts. The miniature takes place in the literature, theater, music, stage - so called. Genre "Small forms". The miniature is built on the miniature.

Dictionary of musical terms

Miniature

(iT. MINIATURA) - a small musical play. The miniature flourishing is associated with the work of F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Shuman, F. Chopin. The genre of miniatures is distributed in modern music.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)

Miniature

S, g.

1. A small pattern in colors or a painted capital letter in ancient manuscripts, books.

* Manuscript decorated with miniatures. *

2. Little painting or portrait of fine work.

* Elegant miniature. *

3. A small literary or musical work.

* Overall-miniature. Miniatures Chopin. *

♦ In miniature . In a reduced size.

Design. Dictionary Terminos

Miniature

MINIATURE (franz. MINIATURE, italian. MINIATURA; from lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik) - in fine art: Color or monochrome drawing, made on the pages of a handwritten book in order to illustrate text and decoration. In the history of the art of miniature played at times a significant role (Western European Middle Ages, Byzantium, India, Iran, Central Asia, Azerbaijan). In ancient Russia, book miniature was well known. Until the end of the XIV century. It was performed on parchment, mainly egg paints.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Miniature

(Franz. Miniature, from Lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik),

artwork (usually pictorial) small size, distinguished by a particularly thin manner of the imposition of paints. Initially, the miniatures were called a gouache, watercolor and other paints illustrations, initials, screensavers, etc. in handwritten books. The art of book miniatures has reached a high degree of perfection in the medieval European, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Iranian and Indian culture. Name "miniature" It has passed on painting (mainly portrait) small format, performed on bones, parchment, cardboard, paper, metal, china, often on household items - tobacker, clock, perrsts. For miniatures on lacquer products, see lacquer art.
In the literature, theater, music, circus, on the stage - genre "Small forms", a small product (story, play, waterville, intermedy, sketch, spoken, choreographic, vocal or musical scene, pop or clown reprise, etc.). The miniatures are built the repertoire of the theaters of miniatures.

Dictionary of Ozhegov

Miniat YURa s, g.

1. A small drawing in the colors in an old manuscript, a book.

2. A small picture of a thorough and elegant finish, with a thin imposition of paints. Miniatures on paper, on china, bone. Watercolor miniatures.

3. Dramatic or musical work of small shape (eg intermedia, sketch, reprise). Theater miniature. Orchestral miniatures.

4. Elegant product of very small size. Book-m.

Postal miniatures Pictures, drawings on postage stamps.

In miniature In small form, reduced size.

| arr. miniature, Aya, OE. Miniature painting. Miniature technique.

Dictionary Efremova

Miniature

g.
1. A small pattern or screensaver, made in paints, in an old manuscript or book.
2. :
  1. Picturesque work - painting, portrait, etc. - Small sizes, characterized by the grace of drawing and thoroughness of the finish.
  2. The type of painting for which such works are characteristic.
3. :
  1. Genre of small forms (in the literature, theater, music, circus, in the stage).
  2. The work of such a genre.

Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Miniature

The name assigned to the paints filled with paints, samples, figured capital letters, ornamented page frames and in general illustrations of ancient manuscripts. The title is coming from the "minium" - red paint (kinovari or turkey), which the ancient calligraphes cleaned the initials and noted the headings in their manuscripts. The decoration of manuscripts drawings was known in the deep antiquity, the Chinese, Indians, Persians, and other eastern peoples. It was also very often used by the Egyptians, from which there were quite a few papiral scrolls with hieroglyphic text and scattered among it painted figures and ornaments. However, M. received for the first time the importance of the special art industry only at Greeks. They handed it together with other fruits of their civilization Rome, where since August, the custom of supplying luxurious, appointed for noble and rich lists of fictionalistic and scientists with polychrome drawings serving the explanation of the text were especially spread since August. Unfortunately, such illustrated manuscripts belonging to the blooming era of Rome have not been preserved, and the most oldest who survived to this day M., which, for example, in two manuscripts of Vergil's creations (in the Vatican Library in Rome) and Iliad, Homer ( In the Ambrosian library in Milan) belongs to the later age of Roman art, III-V centuries. After R. X. After Christianity tried over the paganism, it was natural that M. began to be used broadly to the decoration of liturgical books, homemade prayer books and generally manuscripts of religious and instructive content. At the same time, it remained first true to the principles and spirit of ancient art; The circle of ideas that caused her content has changed, new plots appeared, the reproduction of which was made by the vocation, but the character of its drawing, the techniques of compositions and the methods of technical execution were not significantly different from those kept M. at the last time of paganism. It was especially cultivated in the new capital of the Empire, Byzantia, where her success contributed a lot of magnificent yard and love for brilliance and luxury both in the Supreme Secondary Society, and in the clergy and where, as a result of these reasons, the influence of the East and other conditions of local life, she is minor Pomalu took a kind of defense, known under the name of Byzantine (see Byzantine art). As samples of early Byzantine manuscripts with M., closest in composition, drawing and manner of execution to the works of ancient art, can be indicated on the parchment scroll of Joshua Navina, belonging to the VII or VIII century stored in the Vatican Library, belonging to the VII or VIII century, but in which the illustrations are undoubtedly Copies with M. Further old, on the excerpt of the Book of Genesis VI century and the writings of a Dioscarid doctor, the V-VI centuries, belonging to the Vienna Public Library, and from the later monuments of this kind - to the "topography" of the goat of Indicople (VIII-IX centuries; in the Vatican Library) , sermons sv. Gregory Naziansky (IX century; in the Paris Library), "Cheti Minei" Emperor Vasily II (X-XI centuries; in the Vienna Library) and a lot of others.

At the time when M. flourished in Byzantium, in Italy, it was in decline, dividing in this respect the fate of other industries of art. An illustration of a manuscript in the named country on the conquest of her Langobards for a long time consisted of coarse, disgraced with the paints of essays represented by children's reproduction of distorted first-old samples and motives or as inexplicable imitation of Byzantine drawings. Another large barbarism was different at the beginning of the medieval era of M. on the other side of the Alps, in Germany, France and Britain. The manufacture of manuscripts at this time was engaged mainly in the monasteries. The manuscript scribe (Scriptor) sometimes took the decoration of his drawings on himself, but more often provided their execution to any of his comrades, more skillful in this matter and called the Illuminator, the Miniatrist or the painter (Pictor). Lost the ability to see and reproduce the forms of nature, without having almost no idea about the figure of the human body, the western miniators, as opposed to the Byzantine, cared, mainly on the filling of manuscripts with intricate screensavers and initials and relatively rarely dare to depict the scenes on the plots from the text. Their work, which in this way can be attributed to calligraphy with great right than to painting in the present sense of the word, were generally inevitable, sometimes ugly; But through their wildness in the VII century, it begins to break through the alive, fresh element that generated a new, perfect original style, soon raised not only in M., but also in the entire ornamentist of the romance period. The origin of its this element is obliged to the Celtic tribe, which was inhabited by Ireland. He appears for the first time as a folk element, in M. Manuscripts, manufactured in numerous and rich monasteries of this country. Hence, he moved to the Anglo-Saxon M., and from England, through the Irish monks, penetrated into the mainland of Europe. In the initials and framed pages, this Irish and Anglo-Saxon ornamentation represents something extremely peculiar and at the same time beautiful; It consists mostly from the drawings of a pen illuminated by different colors and forming ribbon, curls, crosses and circles carried out by a bold and solid hand; Curves lines are sometimes bent and intertwined between themselves as intricate and cleverly, that the miniators cannot not recognize a large talent and skill. The heads of the lines are often introduced by the heads of birds and dragons that bite each other, or other fantastic animals, interpreted, however, at all in the nature of the ornament. Dreaming to portray the human figure as the initial ingredient or as an independent illustration, the miniatributor looks at his task again from the point of view of the ornamentist, without the slightest care for the transfer of nature, as it were, even with a deliberate distortion of its forms: Persons come out ugly, lifeless, drawn as a calligraphic exercise; The mouth takes the shape of the curl with the corner in the middle, a pointed down book; The nose is derived in the form of a rod, limited from the sides of the straight lines and ending below the right spirals instead of nostrils, etc. Clothes on figures are also performed without the slightest lobby, with contours and folds of folds that have the character of calligraphic strokes. Paints in the initials and screensavers are sometimes very successful and beautiful combinationBut in images of human figures amazed extremely strange contradiction with the colors of reality. So, for example, in one of the four-day Saint-Galensky monastery (in Switzerland), the colonies of Irish monks, the hands of a crucified Savior are made in red, and the legs are blue. From the Irish and Anglo-Saxon manuscripts with M. The most curious, over the above, can recognize the Psalm of the Blessed Augustine (VI century), stored in the British Museum in London, the evangelaus of St. Kutberg (VII century, in the same museum), the manuscript of the same content in the Trinity College in Dublin (VI or the beginning of the VII century), four-day St. Vilibrod (in the Paris Public Library, began the VIII century) and some of the manuscripts of the library of the above-mentioned Swiss monastery, in general, extremely rich in similar monuments.

Miniature I.

1. From the Vienna Book of Genesis. 2. From the Irish manuscript. 3. From S.-Gallenskaya "Golden Psaltiri". 4. Figured capital letter XII century. 5. From the French manuscript XV century. 6. From the Italian manuscript of the XV century.

Miniature II.

FIG. 1. From the Irish manuscript of the Trinity College in Dublin (Book of Kells), the end of VI or the beginning of the VII centuries. FIG. 2. From Sifridova Gospel, in the Vienna Court Library (IX century).

Irish style, being transferred to France, Germany and Northern Italy, has lost many of their sharp features Since in these countries, he was not nationally and beside him stronger than in the British Islands, influenced the art of antique legends and Byzantine samples. In the initial and screensavers, the motives of this style in the VIII century begin to change from the impurities to Latin and Byzantine and more and more and more often appear in the manuscripts of individual figures, for example, evangelicals, prophets, the Savior, the allegorical personification of rivers, the sea, etc., and In the 9th century, the miniators are already boldly taken for the reproduction of complex scenes. When Carlo Great and its closest successors, M. reaches to a significant, for the epoch, prosperity, thanks to the patronage provided by the sovereigns and reproduction of calligraphic schools (Scriptoria) during monasteries. This is evidenced by numerous recessed manuscripts of the time stored in different libraries. The most important between them: the Gospel made by the painter Godeskalk in 781 and the famous "Les Heures de Charlemagne" (in the Paris Public Library), the evangelative of the Abbey of St. Medar (ibid), the so-called Codex Aur É US (in the Treir's City Library), Wissobrian Manuscript Legends about St. Cross (in the Munich Court Library), Evangelalar Lottar I (in the Paris Public Library), "Golden Psalter" (in the library of the Saint-Gallensky Monastery), Bible Karl Balologo (in the stern of the Church of S.-Paolo-Fori-le-Mura, Rome) and some dr. In M. These manuscripts, ornaments represent the combination of antique motifs with Irish and Byzantine, initial letters - confusion cunning and tastefully intertwined colored straps and ribbons on a color or gold field, with heads of unprecedented birds and animals, with leaves and leaves and Stems of unprecedented plants. As for the facial images, we see in them more and more deteriorating antique style and motifs; In the type of some heads, in a greenish background of the body, in the gold sealing of the drapes is noticeable by the Byzantine influence; Paints and their shading respond to laterimian manner; The overall impression of color is brightly motley. But the features that distinguish these works from both Byzantine and Irish, it is a greater smoothness of lines, mobility, roundness in figures and drapes, the lively composition. Immediately after the death of Karl Bald (877), the art of M. in France began to fall, but in Germany, in which, in all likelihood, his Larring monks of Metsk and Prumian schools were listed, it found a strong support in the emperors of the Saxon home and the harder cultivation in Discontinently established monastic workshops for him. The siest of the Guildensey Cathedral, the Bamberg City and Court Munich Libraries contain a lot of manuscripts of Ottenons, with respect to the abundance and luxury of illustrations of not inferior to homogeneous monuments of the Caroling Epoch. Most of these illustrations are visible to the business and technical skill of artists, but the figures are made in them the farther, the worse. Only in the XII century, the turn is noticed for the better, denoting the transition from the romance style to the Gothic. Byzantine traditions are not forgotten by absolutely, but largely weaken in the memory of artists who begin to be guided primarily by their own feeling, their own awakening attachment to nature, look at its forms and phenomena, reproduce it by memory, not deciding, however, directly copy from her. In their drawings, all the faces, with the exception of the Father's God, Christ, the Virgin, the Apostles, the Prophets and Patriarchs, whom the Icestari is made to climb in perfect robes, are in suits of today. Figures become elongated, thin, flexible. Their postures are more or less sophisticated, forced, but in general features Natural, bold and are not deprived of a kind of grace. Physiognomy receive a shade of youth and freshness; Their expression is that the dreamy and sentimental, then smiling and breathing with happiness. Clothing seeks to outline the shapes of the figures, forms narrow, beautiful breaking folds, falls from the legs and falls around their feet. Instead of a gold background, before the surrounding figure almost constantly, they are now beginning to be made by favorite backgrounds in the form of a chessboard made up of gold and color squares, or in the form of a carpet with a floppy flower and deciduous pattern. Among the manuscripts with M., belonging to this transitional situation from romance to Gothic, the most important - "Hortus deliciarum", written by Igumena Herrarda Background Landsberg in 1159-1175. (Unfortunately, who died in 1870 in the fire of the Strasbourg Library), German "Aneida" Henry von Valdek, made about 1200 (in the Berlin Public Library), "Life of Mary", the poem of Veringer Tegrasee, 1173 (there ), "Plenary" igumenya agness, 1184-1203 (in the Kvedlinburg City Library), "Evangelarery" of Godgard of Guildnessheim, the end of the XII century (in the Cathedral Library in Trier) and some others.

In the ranX-color era, in front of the miniature painting, France again stood ahead of other countries, and its illustrators of manuscripts or, as they called them, "Anlyuminers" (Enlumineurs) were famous everywhere. Their art went hand in hand with a scholarship, the main center of which Paris became the main center. They produced a mass of manuscripts with M., characterized by very skillful technique, delicacy and grace of decoration. Gothic gave certain architectonic basic principles for such works, reflected in them the style of their sculpture; It was also not affected on them also painting on the glass used at that time a large wrench. The most interesting illustrated French manuscripts of this time are considered a psalter, made, as believed to King the Holy Louis (in the Paris Public Library) and the hour of the same sovereign (ibid.). In Germany, M. served in the era of the twofold target in question - illustrating not only religious and liturgical books, but also the works of a worldly character, which are the works of Minnesingners and knightly novels. When it was about illustrating the Gospels, Psalters and Prayermen, the fantasy of the miniators, of course, was restrained in the well-known borders of dogmatic and iconographic legends; But I had a gust to freedom, I found an outcome for myself in the side jewelery of manuscripts, what are the screensavers, initials, framing pages and religious images themselves. This impulse often led artists to drawing fantastic and humorous figures and scenes, completely in the spirit of the gothic ornamental sculpture. M. In religious manuscripts, they were usually performed with a large luxury, gold and paints, while in secular essays they were made mainly in some features, with lightly excommunication and sometimes completely without paints. Freshness of their concepts and naive spontaneity comply with the nature of the poetry illustrated by them. As especially thorough M. This kind can be indicated by the Gottfried Strasbourg (in the Munich Royal Library) and the Waingarter and Minnezinger Code (in the Würtemburg Public Library).

Further and moreover, a significant step forward makes M. everywhere at the beginning of the XIV century, when instead of the drawings of the pen, illuminated by paints without proper nuances, appear real pictures performed by brush and gouache, with the designation of lights, shadows and halftone. The proportions of the figures remain too extended, and their poses with beams; Drapets still extended movement and break with sharp, dry folds, characteristic of Gothic sculptures, but the drawing in general becomes more correct, the motives of images are more attractive, flavor - still very flowery - more harmonious and natural. Artists discard their motley ornamented background and begin (first of all in the Netherlands) to depict events among the room atmosphere, while trying to transmit a promising depth of the scene, and then put an action against a blue sky with a suitable landscape and architectural setting. Making manuscripts, having ceased to be an occupation of exclusively monks and monastic workshops, a very common profession of laity is made, among which calligraphes and draftsmen appear in a large number of the rules of the authorities and in the highest community to request luxurious illustrated prayer books and reading books. In the second half of the 19th century, the King of Karl V and his brothers, the Duke of John Berrhi and Philip Breheled Burgundy, especially patronized in France, such masters. Many magnificent manuscripts stored in the Paris Public Library (such as "Les Grandes Heures" and the Merzoga John and the so-called "Belvillers") and the so-called "Belvilian service") occur from their assembly. The brilliant success of painting in general, which was marked by the XV century in Italy and the Netherlands, could not be left without affecting M. in the works of illustrators of manuscripts, in the same way as in the machines and wall paintings of this pore, the desires of artists Zorkko are still stronger and pepper in nature and reproduce its shapes and phenomena with a possible truth. The choice of plots for M. and their processing becomes more diverse and free, not related to any legends and brighter with the individuality of the artist; The composition acquires a greater naturalness, the drawing is correctness and smoothness, the flavor is proximity to the tones of nature and harmony, and the ornamentation of letters and screensavers - grace and nobility. The "Missal" of the Duke of Betford (in the British Museum in London), who belonged to him "Werevaria" (in the Paris Public Library), the "Serviceman" of the Burgundy Dukes (in the Brussels Royal Library), "Chronicle" of the Green Soakha (ibid.), Anna Brittan's prayer In the Louvras Museum), the Bible of the Hungarian King Matthew Corvin (in the Vatican Library in Rome) and many other magnificent manuscripts indicate a high state of miniature painting during the XV century.

The invention of the typography caused M. Cruel blow, but did not kill it immediately. When publishing the first xylographic books with pictures, whatever, for example, the "Bible of the Poor", "Salvation Salvation", "Ars Moriendi", etc., In addition to ordinary copies of these writings, a certain amount and such in which politicists were obtained by coloring; The expensive, pronounced on the parchment of the book appeared with engravings, illustrated so thin and carefully, which is sometimes difficult at first glance to distinguish them from the real M. Moreover, in the first-line books, the capital sheet was often painted with paints, and empty places were left in the text on which then drawn from the hands of the picture and ornamented uppercase letters. For a long time, a miniature painting supplied the royal and princely libraries with luxurious manuscripts and continued to be improved, no lagging behind the general progressive movement of the descriptive arts. At the beginning of the XVI century, she had all available for her technical means, and at this time of its full development appeared excellent of its works, what are the illustrations of the "Breviaria" Cardinal Grimani, filled with the Gent painter G. Gorubowt (in the library of St. Mark in Venice), "Missal" Cardinal Farneshee, worked by J. Tilt (in the Neapolitan Library) et al. However, the gradual successes of typographical business, xylography and engravings on copper eventually ousted M. From use in books and forced artists who were engaged in their work on other tasks - for the execution of small, finely worked Portraits, pictures on the covers of tobackerok, jewelry on vehicles, etc. Thus appeared in the XVII century, a special kind of painting, borrowed from his predecessor, book illustration, the name of the "miniature". Paints, specially involved in this industry, learned the epitheurists from that time. Using everywhere with great wrench, M. attracted outstanding artistic talents until the invention has reduced the requirements for its works, and then not abolished it almost completely. In a number of miniatures, they deserve special fame: K. Klinztedt, called "Tabakuchny Rafael" (1657-1734), Geneva Arro († in 1688), Italian Rosalba Carrier (1675-1757), J.-B. Mass (1687-1767), Swedish native P. A. Gal (1739-1794), von Blamenberg (born at the end of the 18th century), Mirbel, nee lysine (born in 1799), J.-B. Isaba (1767-1855), J.-B.-zh. Dushen de Jisar (1770-1855) and some others.

In antiquity, M. was performed, apparently, the method of Enkautics or close to him, actually in the Middle Ages - paints divorced on egg protein, egg yolk, gummy or glue, and the gilt was produced by leaf gold or powder of this metal and brushes. The newest M. is written with watercolor, very finely crawled paints on smooth or fine-grained, well-cocked paper, on particularly prepared powders of any dense tree, on enameled metal plates, and most often on ivory and parchment. A miniature, which the delicacy of work forces almost constantly looking at it through a magnifying glass, acts a very thin brush, puncturing or shadowing its tank portions of the image and performing it with the usual taking of dyeing painting and the back plan, and sometimes spreading the dotted and on all parts M .

Cf. AUG. Comte de Bastard, "PEINTURES ET ORNEM ENTS DES Manuscrits ... Pour Servir à L" Histoire des Arts du Dessin Depuis LE IV SC. DE L "ERE CHRÉTINNE JUSQU" À LA FIN DU XVI SC. "(P., 1835 and Sl.); N. REUSS," SAMMLUNG D. SCH ÖNSTEN MINIATUREN DES MITTELLERS AUS DEN XIV-XV JAHRHUNDERT "(B., 1867); J.-F. Denis," Histoire de L "Ornamentation des Manuscrits" (P., 1847); F. W. Unger, "La Miniature Irlandaise, Son Origine ET SON D É VelopPement" (in "Revue Celtique", P., 1870); F. H. V. d. Hagen, "Handschriftengem Älde und Andere Bildliche Denkmäler der Deutschen d Ichter Des Xii-XIV Jahrhundert" (B., 1853); B. Bucher, "GESCHICHTE DER TECHNISCHEN K Ü NSTE" (i t., Stuttgart, 1875); A. LECOY DE LA MARCHE, "LES MANUSCRITS ET LA MINIATURE" (one of the tomikov Kantnenskaya "Biblioth è Que de L" Enseignement des Beaux-arts ") and so on.

BUT. C-c.

Russian dictionaries

Miniature is a type of painting, the emergence of which is inextricably linked with the appearance, and in consequences and full-fledged books. This technique It is a prototype of modern illustration.

Most readers decide that miniature is named so because of its small sizes. In fact, the name happened from latin words minium. Thus called red paints, which were used in the design of the first manuscripts. The drawings really had very small sizes. At the same time, artists sought to draw every detail on them with maximum accuracy.

Fragment of Persian Miniatures, 17th Century

Today in the painting the concept of "miniature" is applied towards the works of the art of small forms, not only in painting, but also in sculpture and graphics.

Ancient artists painted miniatures with thin brushes or bird shelters. What were you depicted on small pictures? What was written in books. Historical events, heroic personalities, biblical plots and much more. In the 18th century, with the appearance, his miniature option appeared - small images on plates from various materials.

Historians allocate several schools of miniature painting. They belong to K. different parts light and have their own specific traits. In the ancient Russia, manuscripts were decorated with beautiful miniatures, and the pages were covered with gilding. In Western European art, miniature flourishing falls on the 13th and 15th century. In the drawings of the masters, in addition to religious themes - the plots of battles and scenes from secular life.

Indian miniature

Verial masters in this kind of painting are eastern artists. Art masterpieces are miniatures of Persia, the work of artists from India and the Mongolian Empire.

Experts share miniatures into several types.

Portrait miniature - images of a small format were gained great popularity in the 18th century. Portraits of small sizes could be combined with jewelry, take with them to military hiking and travel, keep in a cherished place.

Portrait miniature

Illumination - Middle Ages, used for painting religious manuscripts. It is distinguished by a variety of coloring, due to the use of special paints.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, it is enough to enter needed wordAnd we will give you a list of its values. I would like to note that our site provides data from different sources - encyclopedic, intelligent, word-forming dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of using the word you entered.

The meaning of the word miniature

miniature in the Crosswordist Dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

miniature

and Miniyatur, miniatures, g. (from Latin. Minium - Cynanar Surik) (art.).

Painted capital letter or small pattern in paints in an old manuscript (philol.). Manuscript with miniatures.

A small picture, the finish of the Q-Roy differs with thoroughness, subtlety and grace. ? Only units, Sobir. Such pictures like a genus painting. The art of miniatures.

. The work of the art of small sizes, small shape. Theater miniature. Collection of musical miniatures.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. IGOV, N.Yu.Shvedova.

miniature

A small drawing in the colors in an old manuscript book.

A small picture of a thorough and elegant finish, with a thin imposition of paints. Miniatures on paper, on china, bone. Watercolor miniatures.

Dramatic or musical work of small shape (eg intermedia, sketch, reprise). Theater miniature. Orchestral miniatures.

Elegant product of very small size. Book-m. * Postal miniatures - pictures, drawings on postage stamps. In miniature - in a small form, reduced size.

arr. Miniature ,y ,y. Miniature painting. Miniature technique.

A new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

miniature

A small pattern or screensaver, made in paints, in an old manuscript or book.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

miniature

Miniature (Franz. Miniature, from Lat. Minium - Cynanar, Surik)

artwork (usually pictorial) small size, distinguished by a particularly thin manner of the imposition of paints. Initially, the miniatures were called the gouache, watercolor and other paints illustrations, initials, screensavers, etc. In handwritten books. The art of book miniatures has reached a high degree of perfection in the medieval European, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Iranian and Indian culture. The name of the "miniature" passed on painting (mainly portrait) small format, performed on bones, parchment, cardboard, paper, metal, china, often on household objects - tobacker, clock, perrsts. For miniatures on lacquer products, see Art varnishes.

In the literature, theater, music, circus, on the stage - the genre of "small forms", a small product (story, play, pies, water, intermented, sketch, spoken, choreographic, vocal or musical scene, pop or clown reprise, etc. .). The miniatures are built the repertoire of the theaters of miniatures.

Miniature

Miniature - In the visual art of picturesque, sculptural and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.

Miniature painting is also distributed in the east. In India, during the Empire of the Great Mughal received distribution rajasthanskaya miniature. She was the synthesis of joint creativity of Indian and Persian masters.

Miniature (Values)

Miniature - The work of a small form in literature, visual and theatrical art.
Miniature - genre of fine art.
Miniature - genre of fiction.
Miniature - Minifigurians intended for collecting or desktop military-strategic games.
Miniature - A copy of the image is reduced to small sizes to a compact presentation to the user.
Miniature - In chess and chess composition, the task or etude, in the initial position of which the number of figures of both parties in the amount does not exceed the seven.

Miniature (chess)

Miniature , in chess and chess composition - a task or etude In the initial position of which the number of figures of both sides in the amount does not exceed seven. The name was given in 1902 by the German problem of O. Bluless.

If in miniature no more than five figures, it is called baby. Low-definitive compositions are popular among chess lovers.

Miniature (film, 1953)

"Miniature" / Known also called "Life in miniature" (: sykudzu;) - the Japanese Drama film supplied by the director Katoto Sindo in 1953. Flaxation of the Loveman Sussey Tokuda (1872-1943) about the daughter of a poor shoemaker sold in Geisha. The heroine was lucky enough to buy out, but, moving from the hands of one degree to another, she never managed to escape from the network of obligations unfinished it.

Examples of the use of the word miniature in the literature.

Careful study of Georgian literature, monuments of material culture, architecture of old monasteries and castles, frescoes, ornaments and miniature Helped the writer to develop a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe spirit of time, about the material appearance of the era, about her people - the characters of their future work: Miscelled with all this material, in 1922, when the Antonovsky family moved to permanent residence in Moscow, the writer came close to work on the novel.

Disputes about the time of creating character and attribution of it miniature Not finished to this day.

Smetana writes a lot of piano music, especially in the genre miniatures: Polka, baggage, impromptu.

What was hiding there, in his depths, if he found a recreated island on the Gondke miniature?

Gurilian's piano creativity includes dance miniatures and a variety of variation cycles.

Shah Abbas did not doubt that Anduukapar will be steadily obeying Persian interests, and Gulshari, reminiscent miniature Reza Abbashi, will unite in his Darbazi influential dominates, adherents of Iran.

The huge musical heritage of Dessau includes the most characteristic genres Modern Music: 5 Opera, Numerous Canticoratorial Works, 2 Symphonies, Orchestral Plays, Music for Dramatic performances, Radio Savings and Movies, Vocal and Chorean miniatures.

It is impossible, of course, to say that our apartment is the main headquarters of the Bureau in miniature: We have no small-sized atomic bombs, laser pistols, well, and wands that destroy the substance at the molecular level.

Instead of living yourself calmly in a clinic or a guesthouse, where he was supposed to be in his physical state, her elderly, but an indecently rich husband was removed to build a small Zdanian on the tasks of his possession, conceived and after completing it as a superbly equipped hospital in miniature And at the same time as an observation point.

From the conversation of the artist with Peter Martynovich Gleb realized that Solin works in the style of ancient Russian icon painting and miniatures.

Find for each miniatures Its, individual barcode, Coopen creates an infinite set of variants of the clutter texture - in detail the developed, air, openwork fabric.

Almost every political miniature Martti Larney was created in connection with a completely specific political event or devoted to any completely specific person.

Koenigsberg, Peter ordered a copy from the Radzivilovsky chronicle, including miniatures.

Masterpieces of classical music Russian and foreign orchestral miniature In the program of Works: Brahms, Berlioz, Dvoraik, Bizet, Massne, Gunov, Maskagany, Wagner, I.

Theatricalness is the most characteristic feature of the composite thinking of Moldobasanov - manifested not only in his ballets, but also in works of other genres - in symphony and vocal and orchestral compositions, in chamber instrumental plays and vocal miniatures, as well as in the very type of musical drama.

What is a miniature in ancient Russia definition. What is a miniature? Where did this definition happen and what development received in the modern world. New sensible-wording dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova

See also interpretations, synonyms, the meanings of the word and what is a miniature in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Dictionary Ushakov

Medieval world in terms, names and names

Culturalology. Dictionary dictionary

Dictionary of musical terms

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)

Design. Dictionary Terminos

encyclopedic Dictionary

Dictionary of Ozhegov

Dictionary Efremova

Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Russian dictionaries

The meaning of the word miniature

miniature in the Crosswordist Dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. IGOV, N.Yu.Shvedova.

A new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Examples of the use of the word miniature in the literature.