1.1. ANAMNESIS
Purpose: Mastering the method of history in sports and pedagogical practice to assess the level of health, sports orientation and selection for various categories of the population, including schoolchildren.
Task Performance Algorithm: Students are broken in pairs and each other carry out a detailed survey using the scheme below. In the end, the conclusion is written in accordance with the aim.
Theoretical Justification of the topic: Anamnesis consists of 3-parts: general information, history of life, sports history.
General
Include human passport data: Full name, date and place of birth, nationality, as an important reason for the features of life and nutrition, as well as data on education, social and professional status, marital status. Separately, information about the possible occupational hamsters, which affect the lifestyle and physical activity of a person (in sports it is excessive loads with irrational recovery).
Anamnesis of life Includes data on the peculiarities of the growth and development of a person, starting from birth to parents: Mother's disease during pregnancy, features of childbirth, intrauterine diseases of the fetus, weight and birth rate, nutritional features during the newborn period (breast, mixed, artificial), to What age, the child's disease in the early period of development, from what age began to sit, walk, speak; when the teeth appeared when they had a replacement for permanent; On sexual maturation (the timing of the appearance of secondary sexual signs, the characteristic of the menstrual cycle), which makes it possible to judge the biological age of a person with a certain proportion of the probability.
Refineals and injuries transferred during the life, their consequences. The focus is on Botkin's disease (infectious jaundice); Flocks of chronic infection (tonsillitis, caries, rhinitis, otitis, etc.). Children's infectious diseases (scarlatine, windshish), tuberculosis, venereal diseases. Refine whether there were operations (what, outcome).
Whether he was released from physical education at school, for a long time, for what reason; whether he often missed physical education classes, was released from exams for health; Has served in the army, whether the Commission was held in the military commissar; Will it consist of a specialist in a polyclinic;
Lifestyle family (Classes of physical culture, food cult, time allotted by telecast, communication of parents with children, with other people, labor and family recreation).
In addition, it is necessary to find out what are the conditions for life, nutrition, study or labor at present, the presence of bad habits, compliance with the rules of personal hygiene. Along with the. It is important to clarify the hereditary pathology in the family.
All the indicated information helps indirectly judge the health of the individual and are important when determining the level of motor load and its orientation.
Sports anamnesis going to the most detailed. It reflects information about physical education and sports from childhood so far. Selected types of classes, their duration, achieved result, participation in competitions, systematics of classes, the speed of growth of sports skills.
The presence of injuries and diseases associated with sports activitiesTheir consequences. The nature of the training and competitive load is currently (the number of workouts per day, week, rest days, period of preparation, well-being before and after training), use additional means of recovery (sauna, massage, vitamins), hardening. Whether the states of overtraining and overvoltage. Which medical group was at school.
The beginning of active physical education activities, sports; whether these classes correspond to the individual characteristics of the organism or it was random; What kind of motor load type in childhood is elected; What is the growth of skill; Participation in competitions, how long has been engaged in this species; What and why I chose later.
Injuries and diseases associated with sports, whether after this, to training for a doctor's admission or spontaneously. Were the overtraining, overwork, overvoltage. When, how many times is full of recovery.
Currently, what is the view sports activitieshow many workouts per day, a week, when and how many days of rest days; well-being after and before training, what are the results, are pleased with them; Does Ugg, hardening. Whether the sporting direction is elected correctly; What is the qualifications in sports. What recovery tools are applied. Have you tried to apply doping.
This information allows us to evaluate the correctness of sports orientation and selection, compliance with the individual and age features man. In addition, you can establish restrictions in motor activity currently, to eliminate or recommend certain types of muscle load.
Conclusion of anamnesis is made from the analysis of all its components and reflects general level Human health and training.
This history scheme applies with all types of sports and medical testing of various groups of the population.
1.2. Somatoscopy
Purpose: Mastering a method of somatoscopic research and analysis of the obtained data to assess the peculiarities of physical development.
The task: To conduct this study on each other in pairs, make output, give recommendations.
Technical support: The protocol of somatoscopic research, the posture scheme.
Theoretical Justification for Somatoscopy
Somatoscopy - Assessment of descriptive signs of physical development by: posture, state of the musculoskeletal system, the type of physique.
Posture - a familiar pose of a person. Proper posture creates conditions for the normal functioning of internal organs. The formation of the right posture is the central task of physical culture and sports.
The posture is estimated on nude to the panties of the body, with good lighting at a distance of 2-3 steps from the surveyed and determined: the state of the spine (the severity of natural bends), an angle tag pelvis, the position of the head, the shoulder belt, the blades, the shape of the chest, abdomen, hands, legs.
The position of the head can be: on one vertical with the torso, is supplied forward, shifted to the sides. Definition is carried out by inspection in profile and experience.
The shoulder belt: may be on one horizontal, the shoulders are deployed, the same length, but they can also be fed forward, shifted (above, below), not equal length. Inspection is carried out in the face and in the profile.
The blades: either adjacent to the body and are located on one horizontal at the height of the lower angle, or behind the body (walled). Crowded True arises due to weakly developed muscles Spins, false - due to excessive development of the muscles of the back. Determined by the possibility of losing the hand of the researcher under the blade.
The back shape depends on the magnitude of the natural bends of the spine, which can be measured by a special instrument - a kifoscolyosometer. They normally make up 3-4 cm. The depth of the spinal bends changes under the influence of negative environmental factors (terms of life, study), long-lasting incorrect pose with weak muscles of the back, may be the result of the suffering diseases (Rahit et al.), Asymmetric sports Load etc. These factors contribute to changing the normal form of the back, which leads to the displacement of the internal organs and the violation of their functions.
The round spin (sutula) is characterized by excessively pronounced chest kyphosis with noticeably smoothed with cervical and lumbar luroses, a decrease in the angle of inclination of the pelvis. The profile marks the guide forward. The specified form of the back limits the movement of the chest, it makes it difficult to breathe and, it means, reduces the function of respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Round back is often determined by flatfoot.
With a flat (or flattened) spine, the spinal bends are smoothed, the angle of the pelvic is reduced, the blades of the wonder. Such a spine is unstable to various deforming effects and is predisposed to scoliosis, CNS injuries and elements of the musculoskeletal system when performing a motor load.
Scoliosis - side curvature of the spine (there may be complex multi-axis deformations). They lead to a violation of the interconnection of internal organs and the change in their functions, i.e., to the formation of a scoliotic disease.
To determine the scoliosis, the examined is behind the back, the torso is tilted forward, the hands are omitted. The explore is performed with pressure with two fingers on both sides of the spine from the neck to the sacrum. The standing pink line will help to establish the presence of a side curvature of the spine. At the same time, the asymmetry of the triangles of the waist - the space between the side line of the body and lowered down by hand.
Scoliosis may differ in the form of an arc: simple scoliosis is one curvature arc (C-shaped), complicated - with opposition (S-OB-different). Distinguish the scoliosis on the spinal departments, where the curvature is determined and where it is directed by the vertex of the arc; cervical, chest, lumbar, combined, right, or left-hand-sided.
The scoliosis of 3-degrees are distinguished:
I degree - functional scoliosis (curvature disappears in the prescription "Hands on the head" patient).
II degree - an intermediate form (curvature disappears during Visa).
III degree - resistant multi-axis deformation of the spine, "roar hump", a muscular roller in the area of \u200b\u200bcurvature.
From scoliosis it is necessary to differentiate a scoliotic (or asymmetric) posture. At the same time, the level of standing shoulders is not on the same line, asymmetric waist triangles, there is a right-handed side of the spine, but the chest when the body slope is not deformed (there is no empletioning of the ribs on one side and flattening on another). To clarify the diagnosis, a patient should be sent to the doctor.
The shape of the chest is determined by the location of the ribs (PP) (horizontally, space), the intercostal value. angle (mu \u003d 90 °,<90°, >90 °), the relationship of the sagittal and frontal sizes of the breast.
Breeding shapes:
1. Cylindrical - in the form of a cylinder, RR - horizontal, mu \u003d 90 °.
2. Conical - in the form of a truncated cone, PP - horizontal, mu\u003e 90 °.
3. Flat (flattened) - the front-rear diameter is reduced, PP - lowered down, mu<90°.
With a good physical development, the chest is usually a cylindrical shape, with a weak physical development - flat. The pathological forms of the chest include richitic (asymmetric, chicken), barrel-shaped, etc.
The stomach can have a straight form, convex and abscess depending on the tone of the abdominal muscles and the thickness of the fat layer, the straightforward shape of the abdomen is distinguished by a slight protrusion of the abdominal wall, muscles, weak grease, are well distinguished. With weak muscles and a large number of subcutaneous fat layer, there may be a permanent asymmetric belly.
Based on all research, there is a conclusion about the posture of the subject. Proper posture is the position of the head on one vertical with a torso, the shoulders - on one horizontal, are symmetrical, unfolded, slightly omitted, the blades are pressed to the back, the shape of the back and abdomen correspond to normal descriptions, legs are straightened in the knee and hip joints.
The posture can be a stunned (round spin, the shoulders are omitted, the head is applied forward), scoliotic (see above), lordotic (the lumbar lumbays has increased, the center of gravity of the body is changed), kifotic (increased chest kyphos, shoulders are omitted, the belly is drawn) and flattened ( All the bends of the spine are smoothed).
The state of the musculoskeletal system is determined by the shape of the legs, the hands, foot, mobility in the joints, the degree of muscle development, fat and the condition of the skin.
The form of hands can be direct and x-shaped. Hands stretch forward with palms up, brushes are connected from the face of the maiden. In this position, the hands should not come into contact in the elbows (straight), when contacting - X-Fed. In persons who are long-dealing with rhythmic gymnastics there is a X-shaped form of hands.
Foot shape: straight, x and o-shaped. Feet should be straightened, heels together, socks are slightly divorced, the muscles are not tense.
The legs of the straight shape have one longitudinal axis of the thigh and lower legs, the hips come into contact in the field of internal sams and legs - in the ski area. X-shaped - the axis of the hip and lower legs form an angle, open dust, concern in the hips, and o-finished - the axes of the thigh and the lower legs form an angle, open knutrice, touching the ski ankle.
In the study of the steps of the foot, it is customary to distinguish between a non-stall, the stronger (hollow), compressed and flat. The first variety has a fingerprint, which connects the heel area with a tie. There is no change in the foot of the foot, the stop is based on the front department and the heel. The flat foot has a very wide experiencing, the heel area with a minor narrowing goes into the front of the foot.
When flatfooting, there is a change in the length, widths and height of the arches, the change in the position of the fingers (the deviation of the large duck), the valve of the foot (slope to the inner edge) and other signs. The main symptoms of flatfoot - pain in different parts of the foot, and then in the muscles of the leg, swelling of the legs. Exist various methods Definitions Flatcase:
- visual;
- measuring (pedometric) or plantographic;
- X-ray.
With a visual method, the patient gets bosy legs on a solid support, the feet in parallel at a distance of 10-15 cm from each other.
The position of the heel bone is determined with respect to the tibia (rear view). With a normal foot of the lower axis and heels form an angle, open duck (Valgus in the heel). In addition, the internal longitudinal arch with normal foot is clearly visible from the fingers to the heel. If there is a flatfoot, the arch is pressed against the support. In case of transverse flatfoot, the fingers are diverged.
Inspection of the sole allows you to see the supporting part of the foot. With a normal foot, it is 1/3, with a 1/2 part of the diameter, if more, then it is a flatfoot. The presence of corrosions in the field of pink bone heads is talking about the inferiority of the transverse arch.
It is possible to diagnose flatfoot to carry out functional samples. One of them: The patient rises several times on socks. With a good condition of the muscular-connected foot apparatus (its weakening is the most frequent cause of flatfoot), the heel suffocation is noted and the deepening of outdoor and internal arches. With a weak dump-binder, the arches are not deepened and the heel does not insisted.
You can also inspect the shoes, stopped shoes speaks of the wrong position of the foot.
Fritonland Pedometric Method: The length of the foot from the end of the heel is measured to the end of a longer finger. The height of the arch is measured: from the floor to the upper edge of the lands. The index is calculated in relation to the height of the array to the length of the foot and multiplication by 100. The normal value of the index is 19.1 ... 31.0.
The plantographic method makes it possible to estimate the state of the foot in the dynamics, the essence of which is the analysis of footprint.
The most informative is the analysis of footprints in Chizhin. The imprint is obtained by reacting a 10% solution of iron half-chloride (mix the cloth, step by foot) with a 10% tannin solution in alcohol (impregnation of paper). The resulting prints conduct lines:
1) tangent - to the most protruding points of the inner line of the foot;
2) Connect the middle of the second finger from the middle of the heel, through its interference is carried out perpendicular to intersection with tangential. Calculate the ratio of the reference. parts (by perpendicular) to its other segment to tangential. This ratio for a normal foot is from 0 to 1, from 1 to 2 - a flattened foot, over 2 - a flat foot.
Mobility in the joints is determined by the highest possible bending, extension, rotation in the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, rayheapyightened joints.
It is possible to limit mobility due to the injury of the joint or excessive mobility (breaking).
The development of muscles is estimated by inspection and feeling in the volume of muscles, relief, uniformity of development, symmetry and muscle tone, presence of seals, muscle pain.
Muscle development can be good, medium, weak, uniform or not.
The cavity differs as a normal, reduced, elevated, is estimated on the thickness of the leather-fat fold on the back at the angle of the blade and on the stomach at the navel level. Leather and subcutaneous fiber (3-5 cm) is taken into the fold. It is necessary to indicate the uniformity of the development of subcutaneous fatty fiber. With reduced fatness, the fingers of the researcher easily adopt each other, bone and muscle reliefs are clearly visible. If the fatness is normal, the skin fold is taken freely, the ends of the fingers prove each other worse, bone and muscle reliefs are smoothed. With elevated fatness, the skin fold is taken with difficulty, bone and muscular reliefs are smoothed.
When examining the skin, pay attention to dryness, humidity, color, elasticity, the presence of rash, corns, unusual pigmentation, vascular pattern.
Based on the conducted examination, a conclusion is made on the type of physique: normostic, hypersthenic, asthenic, intermediate.
The normostic has a proportional ratio of longitudinal and transverse dimensions, asthenic - longitudinal dimensions prevail over the transverse, hypersthenik - the transverse dimensions prevail.
In conclusion, reflect the revealed deviations in posture, the physique, in the musculoser (s). Which of them may be related to a sports specialization? Which of them answer and do not meet the elected specialization.
In conclusion, indicate also the availability of restrictions or contraindications for sports. Give recommendations for improving the condition by means of physical culture.
Protocol of somatoscopic research
Age __________ Paul ________ Sports Sports ____________________
Sports qualifications ______________________________________
1. Features of the posture
The position of the head: (on one vertical with the torso, was filed forward, tilted to the right go left) __________________________________________
The position of the shoulder belt (on the same level, the sameness of the width of the right and left shoulder, the exploration or appliance forward) ______________
Spine: Criminal severity ___________________________
Scoliosis (presence, view, shape, degree of scoliosis) _____________________
Triangles waist (symmetry) ______________________________
Back shape (flat, round, round-cooled, planed,) _______
Shovels (normal, wonderland) _______________________________
Breast shape (cylindrical, conical, flattened, spit, asymmetric, chicken, barrel, etc.) _________________________
Abdominal shape (straight, spindle, disgust, asymmetric) ______________
Overall characteristic of posture (correct, stubborn, lordothic, kifotic, scoliotic) ______________________________________
2. The state of the musculoskeletal system (ODA)
Hand shape (straight, x-shaped) __________________________________
Foot shape (straight, x-shaped or O-shaped) ____________________
Foot (normal, flattened, flat, hollow) ___________________
Sustaines (motion in physiological limits, restriction in movements, deformation (where) _______________________________________________
The development of muscles (good, secondary, weak, uniform, uneven (where) ______________________________________________________
Grease (normal, reduced, elevated, uniform, uneven (where) _____________________________________________
Leather (color, dryness, humidity, presence of pigmentation, rash) _____
Other features of _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Type of physique
ASTENIK, HYPERSTENIK, NORMSTENIK ________________________________
1.3. ANTHROPOMETRY
Purpose: The development of anthropometry techniques based on the study of body sizes.
Necessary equipment: ROSTER, MEDICAL Libra, Interest Circle, Dynamometer with a bruside and becoming, centimeter tape, Caliper, Table for recording indicators.
The algorithm for performing the task. Students are broken in pairs, perform all measurements in accordance with the techniques, each other, data is entered into the protocol.
For measurements, it is necessary to expose to panties. The room should be warm and light. It is necessary to comply with a number of rules:
a) enjoy standardized tools;
b) strictly adhere to the official unified technique;
c) carry out measurements in the morning on an empty stomach or after a light breakfast.
Methodical topics.
To measure the growth, the studied becomes barefoot on the player's pad, touching its vertical plank heels, buttocks and an inter-opaque region. The head is in the "German" horizontal position (ear guyscot and the lower edge of the orphanage on one horizontal). The result is noted on a light scale with an accuracy of 0.5 cm.
Growth sitting is measured on a dark scale. Touch points Planning Rostomemaker: Cresan, Inter-Paint Region. Legs together, head - on the "German" horizontal.
Weight is determined using medical scales with an accuracy of 50 g. It is necessary to stand strictly in the middle of the scales.
The diameter (width) of the shoulders is measured by a passable circulation, the legs of which are put on the right and left shoulder points. The circulor is set parallel to the floor, fixed with large and index fingers.
To find the shoulder point spend your fingers along the row of the blade to the end, where it is located. To check the correctness of the kneading point, should be moved shoulder. The point remains fixed.
The diameter of the chest is measured in the hand position at the shoulder level during the respiratory pause.
First, the front-rear diameter (sagittal) is measured. For this leg of the device put on the middlewill point (level of the 4th edge) and the corresponding vertebra with a horizontal position of the instrument.
To measure the frontal (transverse) diameter, the legs of the device put at the level of the middlewind point in the middle-dimensing lines, while the hands are raised to the sides.
The pelvic diameter is measured by a tools of the cycle on the most remote parts of the ridges of iliac bones.
The body circumference is measured by a centimeter ribbon, which should fit to the body, and the zero division of the tape should be ahead in the field of view of the measuring.
The neck circumference is measured under the thyroid cartilage (Kadyk).
The trigger of the chest is measured when the tape is applied under the lower corners of the blades, and ahead - along the lower edge of the near-block circles (men, children), in women - over chest glands at the level of the fourth rib.
Measurements are made three times on: deep breath, deep exhalation and pause. The tape is not removed ..
Chest excursion is the difference of measurements on inhale and exhale.
The shoulder circle is measured in tense and calm. At first - in the voltage state. The hand is raised to the horizontal level, bent into the elbow, the muscles of the shoulder are tense as much as possible. Measurement is produced in the widest place. Without shifting the tape, the hand is lowered and re-measured without tension.
The surroundings of the forearm are measured at rest in the upper third of the most developed level of muscles.
For measuring hip circles and lower legs, the subject stands, legs on the width of the shoulders, body weight. Equally distributed on both legs.
The measurement of the hip circle is produced at the level of the berry fold, and the legs are in the place of the largest development of the icy muscle.
The power of the muscles of the brush is determined in the standing position with a brush dynamometer when the hand is assigned to the side, without jerks. Measurements produce 2-3 times and write down the best result.
Ranged force is measured by a dynamometer. Feet at the site of the device, knees are dispersed, the handle of the device is at the knee level (in children and adolescents can not be measured).
Determination of the rail (lung life capacity) to hold more in the section "Definition functional state External breathing apparatus. "A dry or water spirometer is needed. Measurement is made 2-3 times after 0.5-1 minutes. The best result is fixed. After the maximum inhalation, a smooth exhale is made into the device, clinging the nose.
Measuring the thickness of the skin-fat fold in order to assess the fat and its uniform distribution by body is carried out by a caliler or in two or eight points.
The longitudinal skin-fat fold is taken under the lower angle of the right blade (formation), on the front surface of the belly - at the level of the navel on the right to 5 cm horizontally, on the front of the shoulder - on the right hand in the upper third of the inner surface vertically. On the chest - on the anterior axillary line. On the hip - in the sitting position, on the front-outer surface at the top parallel to the groin fold. On the tibia - in the sitting position, on the rear-outer surface at the top of the right leg at the level of the lower angle of the popliteal. On the rear of the brushes - at the level of the third finger head.
Protocol anthropometric examination
FULL NAME. ___________________________________________________
Date of Birth ___________________
Sports specialization ______________________________________
Sports discharge _____________ experience of sports activities ________
Study of class selected view of sports ____________________________
1.4. Composition and specific body weight
Purpose: Mastering the methods for determining the fractional composition of the body (fat and muscular components) and its specific weight.
Knowledge of these indicators (see Table 1) clarifies the idea of \u200b\u200bthe physical development of a person, its level physical activity, correct nutrition.
Task number 1.
Caliper is needed for work.
Fatty tissue is considered biologically inactive. The human body is measured with skin fat folds at 8 points: on the shoulder (front and rear surface), forearm, back, hip, belly, chest. In women, the latter measurement is not produced.
The average thickness of the leather fold (D) is calculated:
d \u003d (d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6 + d7 + d8) / 16.
Then, according to the Mattea formula, the absolute amount of fat (D) is determined in kg:
where K is a constant, equal to 0.13;
S - body surface in m2, calculated by the formula:
S \u003d 1+ (P + H) / 100,
where p - weight in kg;
H-Overlapping from 160 cm with a corresponding sign.
Then calculate the relative fat content in%:
AUS \u003d (D / P) · 100,
where D and P are expressed in kg.
The data obtained compare with existing regulations on sports specialization.
Fat layers in athletes can be determined by W. Stern (1980) by the formula:
Hp \u003d (body weight - skinny body weight / body weight) · 100,
there is a skinny body weight \u003d 98.42 + (1,082 · body weight - 4.15 · Waist girth).
Task number 2. Definition of muscle mass.
Knowing this parameter seems very important to assess the health reserve, since the muscular tissue refers to biologically active.
To perform work necessary: \u200b\u200bCaliper, centimeter tape.
Measure the centimeter ribbon alone around the circle of the shoulder, forearm, hips, legs, and the thickness of the skin-fat folds at the forearm (front and rear) by the Caliper. Using the maidy formula, it is possible to calculate the absolute mass of muscle tissue:
where m is the mass of muscles in kg;
L is an increase in cm;
R is the average value of the circle of shoulder, forearm, hips, shin;
K \u003d 6.5 (constant);
S - amount.
R \u003d (s shoulder circles, forearm, hips, shin / 25,12) -
- (S leather's leather folds, forearm, hips, shin / 100).
Then the percentage (relative) amount of muscle tissue is determined and compared with the availability of sports:
(M / p) · 100, where p - weight in kg.
Task number 3.. Determination of the specific gravity (or density) of the body (g / cm3).
The estimated method of determining the specific weight or body density is used. It is expressed by the greatest value among representatives of the speed-force.
To calculate the specific gravity, you need to know the percentage of fat in the body:
UD. Weight \u003d 554.8 / (Uzhch · 504.4),
where land is the relative fat content.
The data obtained is compared with the state of sports (see Table 2).
To calculate the body density, you can use the PascAll equation et al. (1956):
D \u003d 1,088468 - 0.007123 · 0.004834 · m - 0.005513 · a,
where T is the thickness of the leather-fat fold on the middle axillary line at the level of the sword-shaped grudge process;
M - the thickness of the folds in the middle between the nipple and the front axillary line;
A is the thickness of the fold on the rear surface of the shoulder.
Task number 4. Determination of water content in the body.
Purpose: According to the quantitative content of water in the body, determine the state of water exchange.
Work algorithm: According to the above formulas, determine the total content of water in liters and in percentage, compared with the regulatory, to make an indirect conclusion on the optimality of the fluid exchange in the body, given the importance of this parameter for physical culture and sports.
Theoretical substantiation. Water is 60-70% of body weight. It is known that with increasing fat content decreases the amount of water in the body. In women of fat mass more than men (28% and 18%, respectively), and water is 10% less.
The intracellular fluid is up to 40% of the body weight, extracellular - up to 20% (lymph, synovial, spinal and cunning), intravascular - 5%.
The content of fluid in the body of a dealing FC and sports is very important, as it regulates the thermal balance at rest and with muscle activity. The total water content can be determined by the E. OSSERMAN formula et al. (1950) as a percentage:
To assess physical development, you can use methods of standards, indexes and correlations in the complex.
Task number 1. Anthropometric standards method.
Purpose: Master the specified technique by analyzing your own data presented as an anthropometric profile to assess individual health.
Work algorithm: Indicators of the physical development of the surveyed are compared with standard for a similar group of persons (by sex, age, profession, place of residence), find the difference in the indicators and express it in sigmal deviations from the standard and according to these data, the anthropometric profile is built.
Methodical topics.
Standards are created based on the measurements of a large homogeneous group of people and calculating the average characteristic of the feature. In the following tables (see Appendix 3, 4), the average values \u200b\u200bof the physical development indicators of students and athletes are given. If the indicator of the surveyed more cited in the table (m) receive a difference with the "+" sign, if less is a minus (Count "The difference in absolute figures").
The tables provide the value of the standard deviation from the middle (s). The found difference between Delim on S, the resulting number with the same sign, written in the column "difference in S". If the difference is within ± S, then this average value of the indicator (standard); from ± s to ± 2s - below or higher than the standard; With meaning<2s - низкое, а
>2s - high deflection of the indicator from the standard.
The obtained values \u200b\u200bon the profile are postponed, a graph is built by connecting points (difference in S) of all measured indicators.
Then the analysis of the characteristics of the constructed profile is made, the possible causes of significant deviations of each indicator from the standard value are revealed and on the basis of this are given recommendations to the surveyed.
Task number 2. Assessment of physical development by indexes.
Purpose: Master the methodology for assessing physical development with the help of indices, i.e., the ratio of anthropometric indicators obtained by mathematical calculations. The method is more often used with mass surveys.
I. Weight-ray indexes are evaluated by weight in comparison with growth.
1. Brock-Bruk;
Weight \u003d L - 100 at l \u003d 150 ... 165 cm, where L is an increase in cm;
Weight \u003d L - 105 at L \u003d 166 ... 175 cm;
Weight \u003d L - 110 with L\u003e 175 cm.
2. Body weight for adults You can count on the Berngard formula:
Weight \u003d (growth ґ · chest volume) / 240
This index takes into account the characteristics of the physique of a person.
3. Perfect body weight(M) can be calculated according to the Lorentz formula:
M \u003d r -,
where R is an increase in see.
4. Gabs index
P \u003d 56 + 4/5 (L - 150),
where p - weight in kg, L is an increase in see.
5. Ketle index:
P / l (g / cm);
For men is 370 ... 400 g / cm,
For women - 325 ... 375 g / cm,
For boys 15 years old - 325 g / cm,
For girls 15 years - 318 g / cm.
II. Life index:
Jag / p (ml / kg);
where p - weight in kg,
For men is 65 ... 70 ml / kg,
For women 55 ... 60 ml / kg.
III. Power indices:
(Power of brush, kg / r, kg) ґ · 100
A similar formula, for the indicator of strength.
Medium index values:
For the brush in men - 70 ... 75%, in women - 55 ... 60%;
For the breeding force - 200 ... 220% and 135 ... 150%, respectively.
IV. Development proportion indices
1. Erisman index. Determines the proportionality of the development of the chest:
OCG (cm) in pause - 1/2 L (cm) standing,
where L is height
For men +5.8 cm;
For women +3.3 cm.
If the index is smaller than the specified numbers or with a negative sign, then the chest is narrow; If more specified, on the contrary, is wide.
2. Index Manouvor - Percentage ratio length to the length of the body:
(L standing / l sitting - 1) ґ 100
The proportionality of the length of the legs and the torso corresponds to the magnitude of the index equal to 87 ... 92%, with less values, relative short-races are determined, at large - relative long-beaches.
3. Index Pinny Determines the fortress of the physique by the formula:
L - (P + T),
where p - weight in kg, l - growth in cm,
T - the circle of the chest on the exhalation in cm.
The index is equal to 10, indicates a strong physique, 11 ... 15 - good, 16 ... 20 - average, 21 ... 25 - weak, 26 and above - about a very weak physique.
4. Difference index Determined by subtracting from growth sitting the length of the legs. The average of men - 9 ... 10 cm, in women - 4 ... 12 cm.
The less the index, the greater the length of the legs and vice versa.
Based on the data of physical development, the methods and indexes make a generalized conclusion on the physical development of the subject and give relevant recommendations for its improvement. To clarify the characteristics of the physique, the composition of the body and its proportion is determined.
1.6. Questions to colloquium on the topics of chapter I
1. Definition of the concept " physical development".
2. The concept of genotype and phenotype.
3. The purpose of studying physical development.
4. The concept of the constitution and the physique. Types of physique.
5. Anamnesis: value, technique, composite parts.
6. The concept of simulation, dissimulation, aggravation.
7. Concept of somatoscopy.
8. The concept of correct posture.
9. Defects of posture, causes, prevention.
10. Scoliosis, reasons, prevention.
11. Flat, form, degrees, causes, prevention, determination method.
12. Anthropometry.
13. Definition of specific gravity and body composition. Meaning in sports.
14. The method of standards in the assessment of physical development.
15. The index method in the assessment of physical development.
16. The method of correlation in the assessment of physical development.
17. The features of the physique in different types Sports.
1.7. Literature on the section
1. Akinshchova G.I. Anthropology: Tutorial. L.: Publishing house LHA, 1974. 45 s.
2. Anthropology - medicine / ed. T.I.Alekseeva. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1989. 235 p.
3. Barclay V.M. and others. Valeodiagnostics: Methodological manual for valeology. Rostov-on-Don, 1999. 99 p.
4. Dembo A.G. Medical control in sports. M.: Medicine, 1988. P.181-187.
5. Children's sports medicine / Ed. S. B.Tikhvinsky, S.V. Khrushchev. M.: Medicine, 1980. P.144-165.
6. Dubrovsky V.I. Sports medicine. M.: Vlados, 1998. p.38-66.
7. Karpman V.L. and others. Testing in sports medicine. M.: FIS, 1988.
8. Kozlov V.I., Gladysheva L.A. Basics of sports morphology: Tutorial. M.: FIS, 1977.
9. Sports medicine / Ed. A.V.chogovadze. M.: Medicine, 1984. C.24-47, 148-149.
10. Sports medicine / ed. V.L. Karkpmann. M.: FIS, 1987. C.41-61.
11. Khrushchev S.V., Round M.M. Coach about the young athlete. M.: FIS, 1982. P.6-14.
Under the physical development of a person understands a complex of functional morphological properties of the body, which determines its physical capacity. This complex concept includes factors such as health, physical development, body weight, aerobic and anaerobic power, power, muscular endurance, movement coordination, motivation, etc.
Inheritance, environment, socio-economic factors, working conditions and life, nutrition, physical activity, sports, are influenced by the physical development of a person.
It is known that health is determined not only by the presence or absence of diseases, but also harmonious development, the normal level of basic functional indicators. Therefore, one of the main directions in the work of health promotion by means of physical education is medical supervision of the influence of physical education and sports on the physical consisting of a person.
According to the program developed by the International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Readiness Tests, the definition of performance should be held in four directions:
1) medical examination;
2) determination of physiological reactions different systems organism on physical activity;
3) the definition of the body and the composition of the body in correlation with physical performance;
4) Determining the ability to perform physical exertion and movements in the exercise complex, which depends on different body systems.
The main methods of studying the physical development of man are the external inspection (somatoscopy) and measurements - anthropometry (somatometry).
Outdoor inspection (somatoscopy)
In the study of the physical development of a person, along with data obtained by instrumental methods, descriptive indicators are also taken into account.
It is starting to inspect the assessment of the skin, then the shape of the chest, the abdomen, legs, the degree of development of musculatures, grease, the state of the musculoskeletal system and other parameters (indicators).
Kozy Describes as smooth, clean, wet, dry, elastic, sluggish, acne, pale, hyperemic, etc.
Status of the musculoskeletal system (ODA) It is estimated by a general impression: massiveness, width of shoulders, posture, etc.
Spine - Performs the main reference function (see Fig. ). It is examined in the sagittal and frontal planes, they define the shape of a line formed by the spiner's sausage processes, draw attention to the symmetry of the blades and the shoulder level, the condition of the waist triangle, formed by the waist line and lowered by hand (see Fig. ).
Skeleton of man (A - Front view; b - rear view)
Signs of normal posture (a); Determination of the spinal curvature (b).
Types of scoliosis: 1 - right-hand; 2 - left-sided; 3 - S-shaped
Normal spine has physiological bends in the sagittal plane, the FAAS is a straight line. In the pathological states of the spine, curvature is possible both in the head-back direction (kyphosis, lordosis) and side (scoliosis).
To determine the side curvature of the spine, the Billy-Kirhgoer scoliosis is used (see Fig. Lordozocholyosometer).
Lordozocholyosometer
Lordosoplenezometer (A). Determination of the side spine curvatures of the spine with a Billy-Kirhgoer (b) device, a lordocholyomometer P.I. Belousov (B); G - diagram of measuring the depth of cervical (a) and lumbar (b) bend
Flat spin is characterized by the smoothness of all physiological bends of the spine.
The edge of the back (stubbornness) is the form of breast kyphosis.
With a round-covered back, chest kyphosis and lumbar lumbays are simultaneously increased.
With a flat-powered - only the lumbar lordosis is increased.
Posture - The familiar pose of a relatively standing person. It depends on the form of the spine, the uniformity of the development and tone of the muscles of the torso. The posture is correct, stubble, kifotic, lordooth and straightened (see Fig. ). To determine the posture, visual observations over the position of the blades, shoulder level, head position. The crom of that includes instrumental research (determining the depth of the cervical and lumbar bends and the length of the spine).
Types of posture: A - Normal; b - stubborn; in - lordotic; g - kifotic; d - straightened (flat)
Normal posture is characterized by five signs (see Fig. ):
1 - the location of the spinal vertebrae processes along the plumb, lowered from the boight of the occipital bone and passing along the integration fold;
2 - arrangement of shoveling at one level;
3 - location of both blades at one level;
4 - equal triangles (right and left) formed torsoching and freely byaded hands;
5 is the correct bends of the spine in the sagittal plane (a depth of 5 cm in the lumbar section and up to 2 cm in the cervical).
Normal posture (a), scoliosis (b)
Under a number of diseases (scoliosis, kyphosis, etc.) there is a change in posture (see Fig. ). It is often an appropriate sport, early specialization (gymnastics, bar, etc.) lead to the disorder of the spinal function and muscle imbalance, which adversely affects the functions of the internal organs and human performance as a whole.
When determining the shape of the foot, the examiner connects the heels together and stands, straightening. Normally, the legs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joints come into contact, when the knee joints are o-shaped, the knee joints do not touch, with the X-shaped - one knee joint goes after another (see Fig. ).
Foot shape: 1 - Normal (axis lower limb fine); 2 - o-shaped deformation of the lower limb (vius); 3 - X-shaped (deformation of the lower limb (Valgus)
Foot - Support and movement organ. There are a stop normal, compressed and flat (see Fig. ). When inspecting the foot of the supporting surface, pay attention to the width of the variety connecting the heel area with the front of the foot. In addition, pay attention to the vertical axes of Achille tendons and heels with a load.
The appearance of the stop and the imprints of their soles are normal (a) and at flat-protecting (b). Schematic representation of the bones of the foot is normal (A) and with longitudinal flatfoot (b). Determination of the shape of the foot (B): A - the width of the coastal; a + b - foot width
In addition to inspection, you can get footprints (plumbing). The degree of compaction of the foot is calculated using the crate method (see Fig. ).
The inspection of the chest is needed to determine its shape, symmetry in the breath of both half of the chest and the type of breathing.
The shape of the chest, respectively, the constitutional types, there are three types: normostic, asthenic and hypersthenic. More often the chest is mixed.
The normostic shape of the chest is characterized by the proportionality of the ratio between the front-rear and transverse dimensions, the above and connectural spaces are moderately expressed. The blades are tightly adjacent to the chest, the intercostal spaces are expressed by nonresko. The tight angle approximately 90 ° is approximately 90 °.
Asthenic shape of the chest - Flat enough, because the front-rear size is reduced relative to the transverse one. The above and connectural spaces are wetted, the blades are separated from the chest. Kri x edge is free and easily determined when palpation. The tight angle is acute - less than 90 °.
Hyperstandic shape of the chest. The front-rear diameter of it is more normostic, and therefore the transverse cut is approaching the circle. Intercostal gaps are narrow, over- and connectible spaces are poorly expressed. The tight angle is stupid - more than 90 °.
Pathological forms of the chest are developing under the influence of painful processes in the breastfeeding organs or during the deformation of the skeleton. Physical workers often meet a funnel-shaped chest, ricketical, lands, etc.
On the shape of the chest can also affect the various types of spinal curvature. Thus, the kiphoic curvature of the spine is often combined with simultaneous scoliosis and is the name of the kifoscolyesis, and the chest cyfoscolyotic chest.
In the study of the chest, it is also necessary to pay attention to the type of breathing, its frequency, depth and rhythm. The following types of respiration are distinguished: chest, abdominal and mixed. If respiratory movements are mainly carried out by reducing intercostal muscles, they talk about breast, or rib, breathing type. He is inherent in mostly women. The abdominal type of breathing is characteristic of men. The mixed type, in which the lower chest departments and the upper part of the abdomen are involved in breathing, is characteristic of athletes.
Musculatory development Characterized by the amount of muscle tissue, its elasticity, relief, etc. On the development of muscles, they are additionally judged by the position of the blades, the form of the abdomen, etc. The development of musculature largely determines the force, human endurance, and the sport that he is engaged in.
Degree of sexual development - An important part of the characteristic of the physical development of schoolchildren and is determined by the aggregate of secondary sexual signs: the magosiums on the pubis and in the axillary region, in addition, in girls - for the development of dairy glands and the time of menstruation of menstruation, in the young men - for the development of the hair on the face, Kadyk and Voice mutations.
Body type Determined by dimensions, forms, proportion (by the ratio of some body sizes with others) and the peculiarities of the mutual location of the parts of the body. The physique affects the sport, food, the environment (climatic conditions) and other factors. The Constitution is the features of the physique of a person. M.V. Chernorutsky highlights three types of constitution (see Fig. ): hypersthenic, asthenic and normostic. The author takes into account both morphological and functional features of the individual.
Types of physique: A - ASTENIK; b - normostic; B - Hyperstrenik (M.V. Chernorutsky, 1938)
With a hyperbatic type of body type, cross-dimensions of the body are dominated, the head of the round shape, the face is wide, the neck is short and thick, the chest is wide and short, the belly large, the limb is short and thick, the skin is dense.
Asthenic type of physique is characterized by the predominance of longitudinal body sizes. Asthenics have a narrow face, a long and thin neck, a long and flat thoracic, small belly, fine limbs, underdeveloped musculature, thin pale leather.
The normostic type of physique is characterized by proportional to the physique.
The dependence of the constitutional type of person and the susceptibility of it with one or another diseases is noticed. So, asthenics are more commonly found tuberculosis, diseases gastrointestinal tract, hyperstlenikov - metabolic disease, liver, hypertonic disease and etc.
Conrad (1963), based on morphological signs, allocates the following types of physique in athletes: leptomorph, atetomorph, picnomorph, meterorph (depending on the degree of manifestation of dolo- and brahimorphism).
It should be noted that the well-pronounced types of physique among athletes are rare. More often there are various combined forms with the predominance of signs of one or another type of physique. However, there are characteristic types of physique for separate species Sports. So, basketball players are tall, weightlifters, thrusters - massive, in gymnastics are dominated by low-spirited, etc.
Anthropometry (somatometry)
The level of physical development is determined by a set of methods based on measurements of morphological and functional signs. Distinguish basic and additional anthropometric indicators. K are the first to include growth, body weight, chest circumference (with maximum breathe, pause and maximum exhalation), strength of brushes and becoming strength (strength of muscles of the back). In addition, the main indicators of physical development include the definition of the ratio of "active" and "passive" body tissues (skinny weight, total fat) and other body composition indicators. K additional anthropometric indicators include the growth of sitting, the neck circumference, the size of the abdomen, the waist, hips and the legs, the shoulder, the sagittal and front diameters of the chest, the length of the arms, etc. Thus, anthropometry includes the definition of length, diameters, circles, etc.
Growth standing and sitting It is measured by the rodomer (see Fig. ). When measuring growth, the patient becomes back to the vertical rack, touching it with heels, buttocks and an inter-tube region. The tablet is lowered to contact with his head.
When measuring growth, the patient sits on the bench, touching the vertical rack with the buttocks and the inter-opaque area.
Growth measurement in the sitting position when compared with other longitudinal sizes gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe proportions of the body. Using the anthropometer determine and length separate parts Body: upper and lower extremities, the length of the body. Conduct these measurements to help the anatomical points on the human body (see fig. ). To determine any longitudinal size, you need to know the location of the upper and lower anthropometric points that limit this size. The difference between their height is the desired value.
Body Length It can be significantly changed under the influence of physical exertion. So, in basketball, volleyball, height jumps, etc. The growth of the body in length is accelerated, while in case of weightlifting, sports gymnastics, acrobatics - slows down. Therefore, growth is a reference point for selection to occupy a particular sport. Knowing the length of the body standing and sitting, you can find the proportionality coefficient (KP) of the body.
Kp \u003d ((L 1 - L 2) / 2) x 100
where: L 1 - body length standing, L 2 - body length sitting.
Normally kp \u003d 87-92%, in women it is somewhat lower than in men.
Body mass Determined by weighing on lever medical scales. The mass of the body total expresses the level of development of the bone-muscular apparatus, subcutaneous fat layer and internal organs.
Circle of the head, chest, shoulder, hips, legs are measured by a centimeter ribbon (see fig. ).
Measurement of head circles (a); shoulder (b); chest (B); Shin (D), hips (e)
Muscular power of hand It characterizes the degree of musculature development and is measured by a manual dynamometer (in kg). Produce 2-3 measurements, write the greatest indicator. The indicator depends on the age, gender and the sport, which is involved in the survey.
The mill force determines the strength of the extensive muscles of the back and is measured by a dynamometer. Contraindications for measuring the formation of force: hernia (groove and umbilical, shelter of the Schimor, etc., menstruation, pregnancy, hypertension, myopia (-5 or more) and others.
Tolstone circus (large and small) are used to measure diameters. Counting on the scale is carried out during the fixation of the circulation in the prescribed position.
Studies of physical development of physical education and sports persons have the following tasks:
Evaluation of the impact on the body of systematic physical education and sports;
Selection of children, adolescents for these or out of sports;
Control over the formation of certain features of physical development in athletes on their way from the novice to the master of sports.
K currently developed a large number of schemes, scales, types, classifications (V.V. Bunak, M.V. Chernorutsky, V.P. Readers, etc.) to determine and characterize total sizes, proportions of the body, the constitution and other somatic characteristics of the person.
IN last years An estimated indexes appeared, derived by comparing different anthropometric signs. Since such assessments do not have anato-physiological substantiation, they apply only for mass surveys of the population, for selection in the section, etc.
Estimated indexes
Broqua-Bark:
growth - 100 with growth 155-165 cm,
growth - 105, with a height of 166-175 cm,
growth - 110 with growth 175 and higher.
Life index = jack (ml) / weight (kg)
The average value of the indicator for men is 65-70 ml / kg, for women - 55-60 ml / kg, for athletes - 75-80 ml / kg, for athletes - 65-70 ml / kg.
The difference index is determined by subtracting from the magnitude of growth sitting the length of the legs. The average for men - 9-10 cm, for women - 11-12 cm. The less the index, the, therefore, is larger than the length of the legs, and vice versa.
Weight and growth index ketle:
weight (g) / height (cm)
The average indicator is 370-400 g per 1 cm of growth in men, 325-375 - in women. For boys 15 years - 325 g per 1 cm, for girls of the same age - 318 g per 1 cm of growth.
Index Skey According to Manouvor, characterizes the length of the legs.
IP \u003d (Leg Length / Height Sitting) x 100
The value of up to 84.9 indicates short legs, 85-89 - about the average, 90 and higher - about long.
Body weight (weight) For adults is calculated by Berngard formula:
Weight \u003d (growth of breast volume) / 240
The formula makes it possible to take into account the characteristics of the physique.
If the calculation is made using the Brock formula, then after calculations from the result, it should be subtracted about 8%: height - 100 - 8%.
The weight and growth rate is determined by weight division in grams for growth in centimeters:
Life indicator = Jack (ml) / for body weight (kg)
The higher the indicator, the better the breathing function of the chest is developed.
W. Stern (1980) proposed a method for determining the fat layer in athletes.
Percentage of fatty layer = [(body weight - skinny body weight) / body weight] x 100
Skinny body weight = 98,42 +
According to the Lorentz formula, perfect body weight (M) is:
M \u003d P - (100 - [(P - 150) / 4])
where: p - human growth.
Chest Development Index (Erisman Index):
Breast girth in pause (cm) - (growth (cm) / 2) \u003d +5.8 cm for men and +3.3 cm for women.
The difference obtained if it is equal to or above called numbers, indicates good development chest. The difference is lower, or with a negative value indicates a clock.
There is a certain dependence between body weight and muscle strength. Usually the greater the muscular mass, the more power:
[Power of brush (kg) / body weight (kg)] x 100
Dynamometry of hands On average, 65-80% of body weight in men and 48-50% in women.
The definition of the fortress of the physique (by Pinte) expresses the difference between the growth of standing and the sum of body weight and the circumference of the chest:
X \u003d p - (in + o)
where: x - index, p - growth (cm), B - body weight (kg), o - chest circumference in the exhalation phase (cm). The smaller the difference, the better the indicator (in the absence of obesity).
The difference is less than 10 is estimated as a strong physique, from 10 to 20 - good, from 21 to 25 - average, from 25 to 35 - weak, more than 36 - very weak.
Indicator of the proportionality of physical development = (growth standing - sitting / height sitting) x 100
The value of the indicator allows to judge the relative length of the legs: less than 87% - a small length in relation to the length of the body, 87-92% is proportional to physical development, more than 92% - relatively large length of the legs.
Screw muscle development rate = [Range dynamometry (kg) / weight (kg)] x 100
The lowest strength of the back is less than 175% of its weight, the power is lower than the average - from 175 to 190%, the average force is from 190 to 210%, the force is above average - from 210 to 225%, a large force - over 225% of its weight.
Measurement of skin fat
Measurement of skin fat It is essential in the selection in the Gymnastics section, ballet, etc. It is convenient and sufficiently objectively to determine the thickness of the skin-fat folds of the Caliper.
The thickness of the leather fold is depends on age, gender, physique, professional activity, sports, nutrition, etc.
Measurement spend on the right side of the body. The KOBA fold is tightly compressed with large and index fingers or three fingers so that the skin and subcutaneous fat layer will be in its composition. Fingers have approximately 1 cm above the measurement location. Caliper's legs are applied so that the distance from the scallop of the folds to the measurement point would be approximately equal to the thickness of the fold itself.
1) at the bottom angle of the folds of the fold is measured in the oblique direction (from top to bottom, from the inside out);
2) on the back surface of the shoulder, the fold is measured when the hand is lowered in the upper third of the shoulder (the area of \u200b\u200bthe three-headed muscles, closer to its inner edge) - the fold is taken vertically;
3) on the front surface of the shoulder, the fold is measured in the upper third of the inner surface of the shoulder (the area of \u200b\u200bthe double muscle, the fold is taken vertically);
4) on the front surface in the widest place - the fold is taken vertically;
5) On the front surface of the chest, the fold is measured under the thoracic muscle on the front axillary line - the fold is taken in the oblique direction (from top to bottom, outside inside);
6) On the front wall of the abdomen, the fold is measured at the level of the navel on the right at a distance of 5 cm - it takes vertically;
7) The fold of the fold is measured in the sitting position, the legs are bent in the knee joints at a right angle - the fold is measured in the upper part of the hip on the front-lane surface parallel to the gear fold, slightly below it;
8) on the shin of the fold is measured in the same initial position as on the hip - it takes almost vertically on the rear agent surface of the upper part of the right leg at the level of the patellied fossa;
9) On the back surface of the brush, the fold is measured at the level of the third finger head. The thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer is determined as 1/2 of the average value of all measurements.
To calculate the body density according to the regressive equation, withdrawn Paskall et al. (1956), it is recommended to proceed from the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty fold, measured in three places: 1) in the middle axillary line at the level of the sword-shaped process of the chest (T.-Thorax); 2) on the chest in the middle of the distance between the front axillary line and the nipple (M.-Mammalia); 3) on the rear surface of the shoulder (A.-ARM).
Determination of the density and body mass composition
Body density (e) It can be calculated using the PascAll formula and conforms:
D \u003d 1,088468 - 0.007123t - 0.004834m - 0.005513A
where: T, M, and - the thickness of these fat folds in centimeters.
The composition of the mass of the body depends on the physical activity of man and nutrition. In order to correctly assess changes in the composition of body weight, you need to know the composition of the tissues. K active body weight relate to cellular water (liquid), all proteins and all mineral salts in cells and in extracellular fluid (that is, outside the skeleton). K a low-active body weight belongs body fat, bone mineral salts and extracellular water.
To identify the composition of body weight, general and subcutaneous fat content, muscle and skeletal mass in absolute and relative values \u200b\u200bare usually determined. Measuring the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer allows you to accurately determine these indicators with the calculation.
Enough reliable absolute fat content Defined by Matiegka formula (1921):
D \u003d d x s x k
where: D is the total amount of fat (kg), D is the average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer along with the skin (mm), S is the surface of the body (cm 2) (see Fig. ), K is a constant equal to 0.13, obtained experimentally on anatomical material. Average thickness of subcutaneous fat Together with the skin is calculated as follows:
d \u003d (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 + d 5 + d 6 + d 7 + d 8) / 16
where: d 1 ... d 8 - the thickness of the skin fat folds (mm) on the front shoulder (D 1), on the shoulder at the back (D 2), on the forearm (D 3), on the back (D 4), on the abdomen ( d 5), on the thigh (D 6), on the lower leg (D 7), on the chest (D 8).
Normogram for determining the body surface for the growth and body weight (du Boua, Butby, Sandorford)
To determine D, women use 7 folds, D 8 is not measured. Accordingly, in the denominator, the formula 16 is replaced by 14.
This method of determining the overall fat can be used in people of different sexes aged 16 years and older.
The relative fat content in percentage of body weight Determined by the formula:
percentage of fat \u003d (d x 100) / w
where: D is all fat (kg), W - body weight (kg). To determine the percentage of fat, it is convenient to use the tables proposed by Pazziskova (1961).
For determining mass subcutaneously fat Usually use the Matiegka formula:
D \u003d 0.9 x s x D 1
where: d - subcutaneous fat (kg), S is the absolute body surface (cm 2), D 1 is the average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer without skin (mm).
d1 \u003d (8 skin folds / 16) - (skin fold on the back surface of the brush / 2)
0.9 - a constant for the proportion of fat.
Determination of absolute muscle mass
For determining absolute muscular mass Use the Matiegka formula (1921):
M \u003d L x R 2 x K
where: M is the absolute mass of muscle tissue (kg), L is the length of the body (cm), R is the average value of the radius of the shoulder (A), the forearm (b), hips (B) and lower legs (g) without subcutaneous fat and skin ( cm); K is a constant equal to 6.5.
The radii of extremitate segments (R) are calculated based on the results of measuring the corresponding girths with a deduction of the average thickness of the subcutaneous fat:
(The sum of the girth A, B, B, G / 25,12) - (the sum of the thickness of fat folds (a) in front, (b, in, d) from behind / 100)
For determining skinny body weight (LVM) Enjoy formulas:
LVM for men \u003d 0,676L - 56.6 ± 6.7 kg
LVM for women \u003d 0.328W + 21.7 ± 4.2 kg
where: l - body length (cm), W - body weight (kg).
Music power
Music strength Determine the maximum manifestation of the effort that can develop a muscle group under certain conditions. Usually, a whole muscle group is simultaneously reduced, so it is difficult to accurately determine the work of each individual muscle in the total manifestation of force. In the action of muscles involved bone levers.
There are three kinds of muscle contraction: isometric, concentric (mineometric) and eccentric (orometric). Reducing the muscle in which it develops the voltage, but does not change its length, called isometric. Such a reduction is manifested in the form of static strength. The measure of the concentric force is the maximum resistance that muscles are able to overcome on the path of the corresponding movement. This variety of force is denoted as dynamic. The eccentric force occurs with the resistance of the external force under the influence of which the muscles are stretched, that is, the length of them increases. For most types of muscle work, auxotonic mode is characterized in which the reduction and voltage is combined.
The determination of the dynamic force is very difficult, therefore, it is usually limited to measuring the static (isometric) force and endurance of the muscles.
Men reaches a maximum of isometric force at the age of about 30 years, then force decreases. This process is faster in large muscles of the lower extremities and torso. The strength of the hands is preserved longer. In the table " Average values \u200b\u200bof the isometric force of some muscle groups"There are indicators of the strength of various muscle groups obtained during the examination of about 600 people (the average growth of men 171 cm, women - 167 cm).
Average values \u200b\u200bof the isometric force of some muscle groups
Depending on age (by E. Asmussen, 1968)
| Indicator (kg) | Age, years | |||||||||
| 20 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 55 | ||||||
| husband. | wives. | husband. | wives. | husband. | wives. | husband. | wives. | husband. | wives. | |
Power of brush (± 16%) * |
55,9 | 37,5 | 59,9 | 38,5 | 58,8 | 38,0 | 55,6 | 35,6 | 51,6 | 32,7 |
The power of the body of the body (± 16%) |
81,6 | 56,6 | 87,4 | 58,3 | 90,7 | 59,2 | 89,8 | 57,7 | 85,7 | 49,1 |
The strength of the blowers of the body (± 17%) |
60,6 | 40,9 | 64,2 | 42,2 | 66,7 | 42,4 | 66,0 | 41,5 | 63,0 | 33,6 |
Sitting foot extensors (± 18.5%) |
295 | 214 | 310 | 225 | 312 | 212 | 296 | 197 | 263 | 162 |
* Koeeffer variation
Dynamic force can be measured, for example, by raising gravity. The force of identical muscle groups among different people is not the same. Power indicators in adult women are below 30-35% compared to men.
The force is measured by dynamometers of various designs.
To determine the strength of the brush, a dynamometer is usually used. The strength of the body of the body is measured using a dynamometer. For a more complete presentation of the muscular system, you should additionally measure the power of the muscles of the shoulder and the shoulder belt, the extension of the hips and the legs, as well as the blowers of the body. For this purpose, universal dynamometric installations are used (see Fig. ).
Installation for measuring force
As a result of training, muscle force increases significantly, but decreases with fatigue (especially chronic), various diseases of the musculoskeletal system, while visiting the sauna (bath), when receiving hyperthermic baths, etc.
Measurement of flexibility and mobility
Measurement of flexibility (mobility) of the spinal column.
The flexibility is called the ability to perform a wide amplitude movement. Flexibility measure is the maximum amplitude of movements. There are active and passive flexibility. Active performed by the subject itself, passive - under the influence of the external force (in patients - with the help of the LFK methodologist, in sports - coach). Flexibility depends on the state of the joints, elasticity (stretchability) of ligaments, muscles, age, temperature ambient, biorhythms, time of day, etc.
From a practical point of view, the flexibility of the spine, which is determined by measuring the amplitude of movements with maximum bending, extension, slopes to the side and rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis of the body. Usually flexibility is determined by the human ability to lean forward, standing on the simplest device (see fig. ). The moving bar on which divisions from zero are applied in centimeters (at the surface of the bench), shows the level of flexibility.
Mobility in the joints It is customary to move the movement articulated in the joints of the bones relative to each other. It depends on the shape of the joint surfaces and the elasticity of the muscular-ligament. Mobility in the joints is detected with passive and active movements. Passive movements are carried out under the action of unauthorized persons, active - by the person himself. The magnitude of mobility in the joints is influenced by age, gender, sport, as well as musculature hypertonus, diseases of the joints, etc.
When measuring mobility in the joints, a branch goniometer consisting of a movable branch and gravitational goniometer (in degrees) is used. Mobility in the joint is determined in a state of flexion and extension. In some sports (gymnastics, acrobatics), passive movements are used to increase mobility in the joints (athletes work in pairs or with a coach), which often leads to injuries and joint diseases (in subsequent years arthrosis of the joints arises). The joints have a physiological norm of mobility (see Fig. The volume of movements in the joints), and its violent increase is unsafe for health.
The volume of movements in the joints
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The volume of movements in the joints: A - upper limbs; b - lower limbs
Posture Anatomically characterized by the form of the spine, chest, the mutual location of the belt of the upper limbs, hands, torso, pelvis and lower extremities. In the formation of the right posture, physical education, nutrition, domestic conditions, as well as climatic and national factors play a major role.
Good posture creates optimal conditions for the activities of internal organs, contributes to improving performance and, of course, has a large aesthetic value.
The characteristic of the types of posture can be given according to the results of the goniometry of the spinal column (see Fig. Lordozocholyosometer At the beginning of the article) and visually.
Power indices It is obtained by dividing the indicators of force on the weight and are expressed as a percentage (%). The average amounts of power in men are considered to be 70-75% of the weight, in women - 50-60%; For male strength, men - 200-220%, in women - 135-150%. In athletes, respectively - 75-81% and 260-300%; Athletes - 60-70% and 150-200%.
Difference index Determined by subtracting from growth sitting the length of the legs. The average for men is 9-10 cm, for women - 11-12 cm. The smaller the index, the, therefore, the length of the legs, and vice versa.
When using some other indices, medium values \u200b\u200brequire constant adjustment, taking into account the training, age and gender. And the conclusion is made only on a comprehensive examination (EKG, biochemistry, anthropometry, etc.).
Strength and endurance
Strength and endurance - qualities that are largely determined by the morphofunctional state of an athlete. The question of the power of muscles and their endurance has great importance. Insufficient development of muscle strength and endurance limits the locomotor capabilities of an athlete.
For the study of the forces of various muscles and performance, many devices (dynamometers, dynamographers, ergographs, etc.) of different designs are proposed.
The main method of determining the strength of the muscles is dynamometry.
It is noted that the development of muscle force occurs by 25-35 years, after which its decline begins.
It was also established that the power of the muscles during the day fluctuates and that the maximum manifestation of muscle strength is observed at an outer temperature of + 20 °. Endurance is the ability to long-term work. It develops, like other qualities (power, speed, dexterity), workouts ( exercise) and is essential for overcoming fatigue, which occurs during the performance of work.
One of the important indicators of physical development is considered surface surface bodyIt is determined by the formula Issakson (1958) for persons with the sum of weight and body length more than 160 units:
S \u003d / 100
where: S is the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body (m 2), W - body weight (g), h - body length (cm).
For low-speed people with a sum of weight and body length, less than 160 units are used by the Boyd formula (Boyd, 1935):
S \u003d 3.207 x H 0.3 x W 0,7285 - 0,0188LOGW
where: S is the body area (cm 2), H is the body length (cm), W - body weight in grams.
The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body is advisable not to consider not in absolute values, but in relative, in the ratio with a mass (weight) of the body (the amount of weight per unit surface. In physically strong people The unit of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body accounts for more weight than physically weak (V.B. Bunak, 1940; P.N. Bashkirov, 1958, etc.).
Measuring muscle power indicators. To compare the individual values \u200b\u200bof the forces of individual muscle groups in people who differ in the peculiarities of the physique, it is recommended to calculate the power of the muscles relative to the body weight.
Relative power of muscles Calculated by the formula:
Fat. \u003d Fabs. / W.
where Fat. - relative force (kg), Fabs. - Absolute force (kg), W - body weight (kg).
Tests and estimates of power indicators and mobility
Evaluation of speed and power indicators You can implement with the help of a complex of simple exercises:
1. Jumping in the genie from the place (in cm).
2. Injection on the chair, repulscing two legs from the floor (number of times).
3. Flexing and extension of hands in the stopper on the floor (number of aproachments for 15 s).
4. Lifting legs at a right angle from Visa on straight hands on a gymnastic wall (number of times in 15 s).
5. Tightening on the crossbar (the number of times in 10 seconds).
6. Lifting the body at right angles (the feet records the partner) from the position lying on the back (the number of times in 30 seconds).
7. Lifting the body (bending) from the position lying on the stomach, hands along the body (the number of times in 15 s).
As a result of the evaluation of the indicators of each exercise, a complex speed-power value is obtained.
Estimation of power. The following exercises are recommended for estimating power stamina:
1. Squats (number of squats).
2. Jumping out of the squat to the height (number of jumps).
3. Tightening (number of times).
4. Floor tensions (number of times).
5. From the position lying on the back, the transition to the sitting position (number of times).
6. From Visa on the gymnastic wall, the rise of straight feet at a right angle (number of times).
There is a linear dependence of the number of repetitions and muscle strength.
Rosto-Web Index Hoske Calculate by the formula:
(body weight (kg) x 100) / (growth (cm))
Tests for assessing mobility in the joints (flexibility).
Mobility in the joints (flexibility) is the ability to perform movements with a large scope of oscillations (with a large amplitude). Mobility in the joint (joints) is determined by the elasticity of its muscles, tendons, ligaments, age, gender, as well as hereditary factors. Measure the mobility gamiometer Hambursv.
To select the gymnastics section, acrobatics and other sports, where flexibility plays an important role, test twine is used - longitudinal and transverse. Behind the scan of the subject install the tripod, the plate is superimposed. Measure the distance from the floor to the groin area (in cm).
At the gymnastic wall, the athlete is taken by the hands of the rail at the level of the shoulders and takes (raises) to the leg back. Measure the distance from the floor to the ankle joint (in cm). Still test bridge. The athlete in the position lying on his back pulls the feet close to the buttocks, the hands leans at the shoulder level and pulls up. The distance between the palms and heels is measured (in cm) and on the floor to the back (in cm).
Determination of water content in body weight
In an adult organism, water is 60-70% of the entire body weight. At the same time, the greater the content of the fat component, the less the water content. And, on the contrary, the higher the percentage of the active mass of the body, the greater the water content in it. The water content in different fabrics is different. In the connecting and supporting tissues, it is less than in the liver, spleen, where it is 70-80% (see table Water exchange of man).
Water exchange of man
Water enters the body in the form of a liquid (48%) and in the composition of dense food (40%), the remaining 12% are formed in the process of metabolism of food substances.
Since women have more fat in body weight, they have almost 10% less water than men. The body of a thin person contains up to 73% of water, which is considered very constant. This water is usually divided into intracellular liquid and extracellular. Intracellular fluid is 40%, extracellular - 20% body weight. 15% extracellular fluid falls on lymph, synovial, spinal fluid and serous shells liquid. The share of intravascular fluid accounts for 5% water. It contains plasma water and rolling water of erythrocytes, interdepending with plasma water. With dehydration (dehydration), the red blood cells lose part of the water, and during the excess of water in the plasma, some amount takes place. When dehydration, blood thickening occurs and microtromboms occur. Therefore, it is dangerous to limit yourself in a fluid intake when visiting the sauna (bath), in training (especially during the competition) in the hot and humid climate.
Determination of fluid volumes in body composition Extremely important for an athlete. Measurement (definition) of the total mass of water is carried out by the radioisotope method (tritium, bromine 82 and other radioisotopes). The total water content can be determined by the formula E. Osserman et al. (1950):
% of the total water \u003d 100 x (4,340 - 3,983 / d)
where: D is the proportion of body.
E. Osserman et al. (1950) noted that in the body of healthy men aged 18 to 46 years old, 71.8% of water is contained. E. Mellits a.d. Cheek (1970) offered an equation to calculate the amount of water and fat in the body on the basis of anthropometric data. They examined people aged 1 to 34 years and established a linear dependence of water content (B) in the body from body weight (in kg):
for men
for women
for men, the growth of which is more than 132.7 cm, the total water content \u003d -21,993+ 0.406 x (body weight) +0.209 x (height);
if the human growth is less than 132.7 cm, then the total water content in its body \u003d -1.927 + 0.465 x (body weight) + 0.045 x (height).
for women, the growth of which is more than 110.8 cm, the total water content \u003d -10.313+ 0.252 x (body weight) + 0.154 x (height);
if the growth is less than 110.8 cm, the total water content \u003d 0.076 + 0.507 x (body weight) +0.013 x (height).
Formulas for determining the water content in body weight are also presented on the site http://www.medcalc.com/tbw.html
Thus, studies with measuring various anthropometric indicators in individuals engaged in physical education and sports, allow control of the growth and development of them physical performance. From the point of view of health, the state of muscles and posture is of particular importance.
English
physical development - Physical Growth.
Anthropometry - Anthropometry.
Evaluation Indices - Evaluation Indexes
Muscle Power - Muscle Strength
To solve the tasks facing medical control (sports medicine), each person engaged in physical culture and sports or starting to occupy exposed to a medical examination. It consists of a general clinical examination, anthropometric measurements and conducting functional samples. Based on the data obtained, a medical conclusion is made.
The nature of research is due to their main goal. For the exercise proceeds to classes - this is the appointment of the corresponding functional state of the training regime; For those who are already engaged in recreational physical education (OFK) and mass sports - assessing the effectiveness of these classes, compliance with the training regime with the functional capabilities of the body. Athletes have a medical examination solves a number of special tasks, the main of which is to determine the state of health and functional readiness for training or competitive load, as well as identifying signs of adverse effects of physical exertion on the body due to their inadequacy.
Problems of medical examinationinclude:
Evaluation and analysis of the health of the health and functional state of persons engaged in OFK and sports;
Determination of adequate loads in the occupation and adaptive capabilities of the body involved;
Admission to the classes of various mass sports and
OFK;
Analyzes of the impact of the activities of mass sports and the OFC on the state of health engaged in them.
Anamnesis
.Medical anamnesiscollect by generally accepted rules: At first - anamnesis of the disease, then the history of life, taking into account the possible influence of heredity, social and family conditions, and occupational harmfulness, which is complemented by a sporting anamnesis.
Sports doctor should find out next questions (Sports history):
Whether the physical education was examined at school and in which medical group (main, preparatory or special);
From what age, he began to systematically engage in physical education or sports (clarify what kind of sports);
What sports he is currently engaged in;
Whether breaks in training classes and for what reasons (for example, by illness, due to overtraining, injury);
What is sports qualifications;
There is a dynamics of growth of sports achievements;
What is the nature of training currently;
As an athlete assesses its training;
How can I characterize the mode training activities, competitions and days of recreation athlete.
Sports anamnesis data is generalized in conclusion. The most important part of the conclusion is guidance on nutrition, regime, training and the like, taking into account the information obtained when collecting anamnesis. After that, physical development is investigated.
2.1. Research of physical development
Physical development- A combination of morphological and functional signs, allowing to determine the supply of physical forces, endurance and working capacity of the body. Physical development is largely due to hereditary factors (genotype), but at the same time the state after birth (phenotype) depends more on the living conditions and education.
Physical development is one of the indicators of the health of the population. In the process of regular exercise, various motor skills and improved physical exercises are formed and improved physical qualities, gradually developing a training characterized by a complex of morphological and functional shifts in the body's activities, improvement
mechanisms for regulation and adaptation to physical exertion, accelerating recovery processes.
Modern tasks of sports of higher achievements dictate the need to accelerate the study of factors affecting the sporting result, determining their importance for representatives of various sports specializations. In connection with this, the versatile, the functional and morphological features of the body of an athlete are investigated, model characteristics or regulatory indicators of the characteristics of the physique of athletes of different ages (passport, biological), qualifications, specialization and gender, using which they define the suitability of beginners to engage in the Off and sports and their prospects.
Studies are carried out under the following sections (Scheme 2.1).
Sports anthropology,being part of general anthropology, studies the patterns of morphological and function-
Scheme 2.1.Research of physical development
changes occurring in the human body under the influence of physical education and sports.
The main method of sports anthropology is anthropometry- Determination of body sizes. When conducting anthropometric studies, some must observe guidelinesthat provide not only the accuracy of measurements, but also the possibility of comparing their results.
Among the many objects studied in sports medicine, the greatest attention is paid total body sizes.Highlight weight and spatial sizes:from weight - body weight (kg), from spatial - linear dimensions (body length and grumps, cm), volume (body volume, m 3; l; dts 3) and superficial (absolute body surface, m 2). In addition, it is important to know the ratio of total body sizes.
When studying the proportions of the body should be allocated type of proportionslongitudinal whole and partial body sizes, transverse and wicked sizes of body segments, their surface, volume, localization of the masses, as well as the ratio of the sizes of body segments oriented in various planes and measured by various physical quantities.
To ensure the accuracy of measuring the body of athletes use the so-called anthropometric points,having strict localization - bone protrusions, processes, hillocks, mysteries, edges of the articular bones, constant folds of the skin, etc. The location of one or another anthropometric point is determined by palpation and painless pressure with the subsequent designation of its dermographic pencil
(Fig. 2.1-2.4).
In anthropometry allocate longitudinal and transverse dimensions. Longitudinal human body sizesdetermine as the distance between anthropometric dots oriented in the vertical plane; cross sizes- as a distance between points oriented in the horizontal plane; depubs- Like the distance between points oriented in the sagittal plane.
The clamping sizes of the body (and perimeters) are measured by a centimeter tape (cm). The limb circumference is measured in symmetric places, at a certain distance from bone identification (anthropometric) points. For example, if the rude hip circle is measured by 10 cm below the large spit, then at the same distance, the circumference of the left hip should be measured.
Fig. 2.1.Determination of the length of the upper limb (a), shoulder (b) and forearm (B)
Fig. 2.2.Determination of the length of the lower limb
Fig. 2.3.Determination of the length of the hip
Fig. 2.4.Determination of the length of the leg
2.2. Research of the musculoskeletal system
In everyday practice, the following order of study is used: research in peace, research in motion and palpation, which is often combined with the movement.
For inspectionspecifications are indicative; Special attention should be attributed to:
Passive position - characteristic of heavy sports damage (entire body or one limb);
The forced position of the body or any one segment - may be due to pain; In this case, they say about the gentle installation. So, if there is no stability of any spine (for example, a lumbertsy), the patient tries to unload it, leaning his hands about the chair's seat;
The forced position of the limb may also occur as compensation for the defeat of a separate body segment (for example, with a tug-free hip joint after transferred sports injury, significant lordosis of the lumbar spine) is noted.
For viewing skinit should be paid attention not only to the presence of bruises (their prevalence, painting, etc.), but also on its dryness (trophic changes). It is also necessary to install inflammation sites and their location on the body (for example, phlebitis, lymphangit).
Study joints
Screening researchincludes: a) study at rest; b) study when performing certain movements; c) Palpation and load tests of the most frequently affected joints.
Study of the joints of the upper and lower extremitiesfirst spend at rest:
Study skin Pokrov area of \u200b\u200baffected joint;
Detection of swelling in the joint area (bursitis, synit, nodules, etc.);
Determination of deformations (valgus, varetle, rear dislocation, etc.);
Estimate of the position of the limb; then - when moving:
Active movement on the main axes;
Movement with dosage resistance and with burden;
The appearance of attitudes, pain in motion;
Sustav hypermobility.
Screening test to determine generalized hypermobilitythere may be a modified Baiton test. The maximum number of points is 9. On hypermobility, you can talk under the amount of 6 points and more:
The extension of the maiden is 90 ° (1 point on each side);
Bringing the thumb over and back to contact with the forearm (1 point on each side);
Reflection of the elbow joint by 10 ° (1 point on each side);
Rabbing the knees of 10 ° (1 point on each side);
Touch palms of the floor surface without bending knees (1 point).
Measurement of the volume of movement in the joints
Angle measurements of the amplitudes of movement in the joints of the limbs are carried out with uglometers(Table 2.1, Fig. 2.5), spine - goniometers.
Table 2.1.Measurement of the amplitude of movements in some joints
Fig. 2.5.Study of mobility (A-E) in the joints (A-B - the location of the branches)
The volume of movements, or amplitude of active and passive movements, i.e. The limit in which the movements stop actively or passively, is determined in degrees on the measurement scale (Table 2.2).
In addition, it is necessary to have an idea of middle Movement Movementin the investigated joints. The amplitude of the movement is considered as the difference between the maximum possible extension and flexion in the joint.
Total mobility in each joint- This is the sum of the indicators of mobility around the existing axes of rotation. In the joints of the upper limb, it is equal to the sum of the indicators of mobility in the shoulder, elbow and the joints of the brush; In the joints of the lower limb - the sum of the indicators of mobility in the hip, knee and foot joints.
Table 2.2.Normal corners of movements in large joints
Study of the spinal column
The survey of the spinal column begins in the patient's position standingat the same time determined:
Configuration and mobility of the chest;
Physiological bends of the spine (Fig. 2.6);
Spinal deformation (scoliotic installation, posture disorder, pelvic slope, pelvic belt asymmetry).
In the study patient movements when walkingreveal:
Restrictions related to discomfort or painful sensations in the area of \u200b\u200baffected spine or pelvis;
The difficulty of movement associated with the deformation of the lower limbs.
Fig. 2.6.Spinal configuration in the sagittal plane (diagram): I - cervical lordosis; II - chest kyphosis; III - Lumbar Lordoz; IV - sacral kyphosis; A - Atlant; b - body Vi cervical vertebra; B - body of IX breast vertebra; G - lumbosacral joint
Study in the patient's position lying on his backincludes:
Raise straight legs alternately (detecting pain);
Raise both straightened legs at the same time (detection of pain).
The spine movements are measured by special devices (goniometer, helmet with an elevated tilter, etc.) and a centimeter ribbon. The normal parameters of the spine movements are (Table 2.3): during bending and extension - 170-245 °, when flexing in the front plane, based on the vertical position of the studied, the angle reaches 55 °. The rotation angle when the position is sitting is 54 °, when standing is 90 °.
Table 2.3.The volume of movements in various spinal deposits
Additional measurements: Schever Test,with the help of which the mobility of the spine is determined in the lumbar department when the slope forward (in the sagittal plane).
To characterize the overall possibility of tilt forward (in the sagittal plane) use the test "Fingers brushes- Paul. " The test determines the mobility not only the spine, but also the hip joints. After completing the tilt, the distance from the tip of the III finger to the floor is measured.
Among many methods studies of the foot of the footyou can highlight: method submersbased on the measurement using the device - a stopometer: the length of the foot is determined as the distance between the heel and endpoints (the end phalanx I finger); The height of the medial part of the longitudinal foot of the foot is measured to the highest point of the back surface of the foot (lady's bone). Normally, the height of the medial part of the longitudinal variety variables ranges from 5-7 cm. The feet index calculates according to the formula:
I \u003d (H x 100) / L,
where I is the desired index (%); h is the height of the lifting of the foot (cm); L is the length of the foot (see).
Feature Feature:if i\u003e 33% - the arch is very high; from 33 to 31% - moderately high; from 31 to 29% - normal; from 29 to 27% - moderate flatfoot; from 27 to 25% - flat foot; Below 25% is a sharp flatfoot.
Method plantographyit consists in obtaining and analyzing the stop prints (printograms). With mass examinations to evaluate plumbers most often use the method I.M. Chizhin.
Investigation of the muscular system
When assessing the state of skeletal muscles, along with visual inspection, their functional research is necessary. The contours, muscle configuration estimate, are determined by hypo- and hypertrophy, scars, etc. Then we study the changes in the contours and the volume of muscles when moving in the appropriate joint.
Muscle functional method allows you to obtain information about the strength of individual muscles and muscle groups, analyze the simple motor stereotypes and the functional abilities of the body being tested (segment). Music powerdetermined by the opposition to their reduction (by the doctor's hand). It is necessary to compare the muscle strength and the volume of the advanced movement with those on the healthy side. Muscular power is estimated on a 6-point system (Table 2.4).
Table 2.4.Six-ceal Muscular Estimation Scale (by L. Braddom, 1996; M. Weiss, 1986)
* Under unloading means the exclusion of gravitational effects on the limb, as well as the exclusion of pressure on working groups of body mass muscles. This is achieved by performing movement in the horizontal plane at a convenient arrangement of the studied limb or on a sliding surface or a roller wheel pad.
Thus, a functional study allows you to obtain information about the strength of individual muscles and muscle groups, analyze the simple motor stereotypes and the functional abilities of the body part of the studied.
To determine the degree of development of individual functional groups of the muscles, the technique is used, based on the fact that in the proximal sections of the limbs there are predominantly two-sized muscles, and in distal - single-stitching; The circumference of each limb segment should be measured in 2 places - distal and proximal departments.
For definitions of the circle of shoulderwith the 1st dimension, the centimeter tape is applied horizontally at the place of attachment of the deltoid muscle, at 2nd - by 4-5 cm above the shoulder supermarkets.
For measurements of the circumference of the forearmwith the 1st dimension, the centimeter tape is applied in the upper third of the forearm, at 2nd - above the cylinder processes of radiation and elbow bones.
Massive indicator (I)and "Conditional" moment of muscle strength (II) shoulder and forearmdetermine by formulas:
I \u003d (shoulder girth x 100) / (shoulder length);
Ii \u003d (girth of the forearm x 100) / (forearm length);
"Conditional" moment of shoulder power\u003d Shoulder girth x shoulder length;
"Conditional" moment of forearm\u003d Cooking of the forearm x Length
forearm.
To determine the degree of development of the front and rear groups, the shoulder muscles are carried out by a dermographic pencil 2 vertical lines: according to medial and lateral grooves of the shoulder. Then the "semi-clash" shoulder is measured in front, characterizing the degree of muscle development on the front surface of the shoulder (double-headed and shoulder muscles), and from behind, characterizing the degree of development of the three-headed muscle. The centimeter ribbon is imposed in the place of the largest development of muscles.
To measure the circumference of the proximal thigh, the centimeter tape is superimposed horizontally under a berry fold; To determine the development of the muscles of the distal thigh (mostly femoral heads of the four-headed muscles of the thigh), the centimeter tape is applied at 7-8 cm above the knee joint.
To determine the development of the muscles of the proximal thigh, the centimeter tape is applied horizontally under the berry fold.
To characterize the development of the muscles of the proximal shin, its girth is measured at the most muscle development, for ha
ractitude for the development of muscles of the distal department - by 4-5 cm above the ankle joint.
Massive indicator (I)and "Conditional" moment of force (II) hips, shindetermine by formulas:
I \u003d (hip girth x 100) / (thigh length); II \u003d (shin girth x 100) / (lower leg length).
To determine the development of the muscles of the flexors, extensors and the thrust muscles, the vertical lines are performed by a dermographic pencil: the 1st of them connects the lower edge of the symphysis with the medial impact of the thigh, the 2nd - a sedalent hill with media supervision, the 3rd - the most protruding lateral point with Head of Mulobor Bone. Measurements are carried out in the proximal and distal thigh departments. The distance between the 1st and 2nd lines in the proximal department characterizes the development of leading muscles, between the 2nd and 3rd lines - the development of the muscles of the hip, between the 1st and 3rd lines - the development of thigh flexor muscle. In the distal hip department, the distance between the 1st and 3rd vertical lines in the front characterizes the development of the extensors of the tibia, behind - the bends of the lower leg and the elegant of the hip.
To measure muscle force apply special instruments - dynamometers.With their help, they determine the strength of muscle flexors and fingers (brush dynamometry), as well as the power of the muscle sprinklers (milling dynamometry).
Absolute muscle strength indicators are not informative enough, since athletes even one specialization differ mass and body composition. Therefore, for comparative assessment, relative indicators of force (F rel) are used, calculated per unit mass in percent. For this, the absolute force (F ABS, kg) of a particular muscle group is divided into a mass of the body, or a mass of the muscular component (P, kg), and multiply at 100:
F n \u003d (F abs. X 100) / R.
Definition the thickness of the skin-fat folds,characterizing the degree of development of the subcutaneous fat layer, produce methods of caliperometry, radiography, ultrasonic echolocation, etc.
Mass bodydetermine for medical libes with an accuracy of 50 g 2-3 hours after meals.
For rate physical condition Athletes of different specializations and control of the workout mode are used by various methods for determining the composition of body weight, allowing to differentiate it
separate components. Body mass components are calculated by formulas.
Body Body Body Mass (BM)calculate by the formula Benka. The BM of the human body is quantitatively equal to the volume of the cylinder, the dimensions of which are determined by the formula: V \u003d π x R 2 L, where V is the volume of the cylinder, R is its radius, L is height. The length of the body, R is averaged radius, which is calculated based on the size of 5 body diameters (the width of the shoulder - A, the transverse diameter of the chest - b, the width of the pelvis - C, the diameter between the spit - D, width 2 closed knees - E) , as well as the minimum circles of the shin - G and the forearm - H by dividing their sum at the constant - 18.1.
r 2 \u003d (A + B + C + D + E + G + H) / 18.1, or E / 18.1.
For determining fat componentused the formula proposed by Ya. Mates:
D \u003d d x SK,
where D is the total amount of the fat component, D is the average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer and skin thickness (mm), S is the body surface (M 2), K is a constant equal to 1.3 (obtained experimentally on anatomical material).
The average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer along with the skinit is equal to half the leather folds and is calculated by the formula:
d \u003d 1/2 x (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 + d 5 + d 6 + d 7) / 7 \u003d (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 +
D. 5 + d7) / 14.
In addition to the absolute size of the body surface, it is calculated relative indicator- The ratio of body weight to the body surface:
P / S x 100.
It is believed that the greater the mass of the body falls on the unit of its surface, the better physical development, i.e. The body surface serves as an indicator of energy consumption.
Study separate organsand organism systemsthey are carried out according to generally accepted methods (inspection, palpation, percussion, etc.).
2.3. Functional tests
Functional samples allow to evaluate the overall condition of the body, its reserve capabilities, features of adaptation various systems To physical stress, which in some cases imitate stressful effects.
The leading indicator of the functional state of the body is general physical performance(FR), or willingness to produce physical work. The total FR is proportional to the number of mechanical work that a person is capable of performing long and with sufficiently high intensity, and largely depends on the performance of the oxygen transport system.
All functional samples are classified for 2 criteria:the nature of the perturbing effect (physical exertion, the change in the position of the body, the delay of respiration, strain, etc.) and the type of registered indicators (blood circulation systems, respiration, isolation, etc.).
The general requirement for indignant effects is their dosage in specific quantitative values \u200b\u200bexpressed in units of the SI system. If physical activity is used as an impact, its power should be expressed in watts, energy produces in Joules, etc. When the characteristic of the input exposure is expressed by the number of squats, the frequency of steps when running in place and the like, the reliability of the resulting results is significantly reduced.
As registered after samples, physiological constants with a specific measurement scale are used. For their registration use special equipment (electrocardiograph, gas analyzer, etc.).
One of the objective human health criteria is the FR level. High performance serves as a stable health indicator, its low values \u200b\u200bare considered as a health risk factor. As a rule, high FR is associated with greater motor activity and lower morbidity, including of cardio-vascular system.
In the concept of FR (in English terminology - Physical Working Capacity- PWC) The authors invest different content, but the main meaning of each of the wording is reduced to the potential human ability to fulfill the maximum physical effort.
The FR is a complex concept, which is determined by the morphofunctional state of various organs and systems, mental status, motivation, etc. Therefore, the conclusion of the magnitude of the FR can be made only on the basis of a comprehensive assessment. In the practice of sports medicine, the FR is estimated using numerous functional samples that suggest the definition of the organism's reserve capabilities based on the responses of the cardiovascular system. For this purpose, more than 200 different tests are proposed.
Nonspecific functional tests
Maintenance non-specific functional samples,applied in the study of the state of health of athletes, it is possible to divide into 3 groups.
1.Samples with dosage exercise:simultaneous (20 squats for 30 s, 2-minute running in place at a temperature of 180 steps per minute, 3-minute run running, 15-second jogging at the maximum pace, etc.), double-time (combination of 2 standard loads) and Combined three-one letama test (20 squats, 15-second run and 3-minute running on the spot). In addition, this group includes cycle ergometric loads, step test, etc.
2.Samples with changing the external environment.This group includes samples with inhalation of mixtures containing various (elevated or lowered compared to atmospheric air) percentage of 2 or CO 2, breathing delay, finding in the barocamera, etc.; Samples associated with the effects of different temperatures are cold and thermal.
3.Pharmacological(with administration various substances) I. vegetative-vascular(orthostatic, eye-hearted, etc.) sampleand etc.
In functional diagnostics are also used specific samplesimitating activities characteristic of a specific sport (battle with shadow - for boxer, work in the rowing device - for rowing, etc.).
With all these samples, it is possible to investigate changes in the functions of different systems and organs and for these changes to evaluate the body's reaction to a certain impact.
When evaluating functional state of cardiovascular system4 types of reactions to load are isolated: normal, asthenic, hypertonic and dystonic. The identification of this or that type of reactions allows to judge the regulatory violations of the circulatory system, and therefore indirectly about performance (Fig. 2.7).
Despite the fact that when using functional samples, it is possible to obtain more valuable information about the possibilities of the body compared to the study in the state of muscular rest, the objective judgment about the Friend of the person based on the results obtained is difficult. First, the information obtained allows only to qualitatively characterize the response of the body to the load; secondly, the exact reproduction of any of the samples is impossible, which leads to errors in the assessment of the data obtained; third,
Fig. 2.7.Types of heart rate and blood pressure reaction on standard physical activity: a - normal; B - hypertensive; In - stepped; G - dystonic; D - hypotonic
each of such samples is associated with the inclusion of a limited muscular array, which makes it impossible to maximize the intensification of functions. It has been established that the most complete picture of the functional reserves of the body can be drawn up under load conditions under which at least 2/3 of the muscular array is involved. Such loads ensure the limiting intensification of the functions of all physiological systems and allow not only to identify the depth mechanisms for providing the FR, but also to detect border with the norm of state and hidden manifestations of lack of functions. Such load tests are becoming increasingly distributed in clinical practice, labor and sports physiology.
WHO has developed the following tests for testing with loads: the load should be quantified,accurate reproduction during re-use, to engage at least 2/3 of the muscular massif and ensure maximum intensification of physiological systems; Characterized simplicity and accessibility; Fully eliminate complex coordinated movements; Ensure the possibility of registering physiological indicators during test.
Quantitative definition of fris of great importance for the organization physical education population of various age-class groups, the development of motor regimes for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients, determining the degree of disability, etc.
Determination of maximum oxygen consumption
There are many diverse methods of both direct and prognostic (indirect) determination of the maximum oxygen consumption (IPC). These methods are based on the recommendations of the WHO Special Commission for Standardizing the Testing of the FR human.
Direct measurement of the IPC.conducted during cybergometry, stepergometry and work on Tredmil. General Principle Testing is the use of loads that cause the maximum mobilization of the organism oxygen support system. This use the following types of loads.
Loads of constant power to complete fatigue. The load capacity must comply with the estimated critical level (maximum aerobic performance), which is pre-determined by an indirect method using submaximal intensity loads. The performance of the test must be preceded by a 2-minute warm-up at power that makes up no more than 70% of the predicted maximum.
Discrete loads of increasing power. The work is performed in an interval mode, in which 5-6-minute loads increasing on some permanent value are replaced by recreation periods. Work in this mode continues to failure.
Continuous loads with linearly increasing power.
Continuous loads with stepped power increase. The duration of each stage is 2-4-6 minutes.
In each case, the test must perform the limit muscle work.
For bicycle ergometryfor direct measurement of the IPC, the loads of the steep-expressive power "to failure" with the duration of each stage 4-6 min are preferred. With this duration of the voltage, stabilization of cardiorespiratory reactions is provided at all levels (Steady State).
to make up 50 watts; Each subsequent stage should increase
50 W.
The choice of power for each stage of the load can also be carried out in accordance with the proper IPC level. The most expedient pace of pedaling is 60 rpm, since it provides the greatest efficiency.
Direct measurement of the IPC can also be produced at speargometry.For this purpose, the single (40-50 cm height) is used or a double step. The initial load capacity is no more than 70% of the IPC. It is then increased by increasing by increasing every 2 min of the rate of climbing from 80 to 140 steps per minute. Rhythm is given by the metronome.
To determine the IPC during tests is made analysis of exhaled airwith the help of a Holden gas analyzer (air charges in Douglas bags for 30-second time segments) or automatic analyzers (Spirlyt, Metabotestand etc.). Analyzers Gaeger.and Metabotest.allow continuously register the concentration of 2 and CO 2 in the exhaled air in the initial state, during the load and in the recovery period.
Indirect measurement of the IPC.The direct method of measuring the IPC is quite complex; It requires maximum loads of loads, complex equipment and participation in the study of specially trained personnel. Moreover, voltages of limit intensity are unsafe for health.Statistics show that the risk to health when performing maximum loads with healthy people is negligible, however, when they are used in persons with hidden pathology in 0.01% of cases, there is a fatal outcome. Therefore, it is recommended to use submaximal loads on the basis of which the indirect definition of the IPC is recommended for evaluating performance with a mass survey.
When determining the IPC. using the test on the cyergometerconsider the load value (kgm / min or W) and heart rate during its execution. The IPC is determined by the Astrand nomogram(Fig. 2.8). On the scale A (for men) or b (for women), the magnitude of the load of the submaximal power is noted. The resulting point of the straight line is connected to a scale 1, which presents the consumption values \u200b\u200bof O 2, and then with a scale 2, reflecting the heart rate for this sex at work performed. At the place of intersection of the line with a scale 3 there is an indicator of the IPC (l / min); It is multiplied by the correction coefficient than the correspondence of the estimated IPC of the age of the examined (Table 2.5) is ensured.
Fig. 2.8.Astrand nomogram for determining the IPC indirect method
Table 2.5.Correction coefficient for determining the IPC according to age
The indirect definition of the IPC is also carried out with speargometry.Usually, for men, it is recommended to climb a step with a height of 40 cm, for women - 33 cm, the rate of climbing - 22.5 steps per minute for 6 minutes (metronome is set to a frequency of 90 in 1 min). The heart rate is determined at the end of the 6th minute. If it is impossible to determine it during operation, measurement is allowed during the first 10 s after load (the result is multiplied by 6). The IPC is estimated by astrand nomogram (see Fig. 2.8). It is necessary to connect the line with a linus with the floor of the CSS indicator, measured at the last minute of load (scale 2), and the body weight value (scale B). At the intersection point with a scale 3, the IPC is determined, taking into account the correction coefficient.
It is believed that the methods of an indirect assessment of the IPC with large assumptions can be used only in cases when it comes to a permanent controlled group of the surveyed, each of which has been a direct measurement of the IPC, to correct the subsequent settlement information on the dynamics of changes in the aerobic capabilities of the body.
For fR Definitions Apply TestPWC 170 (load power at heart rate 170 per minute). The physiological prerequisite for determining the PWC 170 is the presence of a linear relationship between the heart rate and the power of the work performed. With higher CSS values, the straightforward nature of communication is interrupted. CSS 170 per minute is optimal for the work of the heart of a healthy young man, the maximum values \u200b\u200bof cardiac performance are noted. Further freight leads to a decrease in blood impact volume. The advantage of the method in its simplicity; It allows you to determine the performance (PWC 170) when performing 2 loads of moderate power.
Method for determining PWC 17G for cycle ergometry
There are 2 methods for performing loads on the cyergometer to determine the PWC 170. For sample of the fury(1947) Determine the heart rate during operation at the cyergometer with a capacity of 50, 100, 150 and 200 W. Duration of each stage 5 min. The load is stopped at
achieve heart rate 170 per minute. If the steady state of heart rate occurs at a lower level, extraplacing to the CSS 170 are made.
The second way provides for sequential execution of 2 moderate power loads with a 3-5 minute rest or without it.Frequency of pedaling constant, in the range of 60-80 rpm; Duration of each load - from 3 to 6 minutes. The voltage power is chosen in such a way that the difference between the heart rate at the 1st and 2nd steps was at least 40 per minute. Usually the intensity of the 1st load of 1 W / kg, 2nd - 2 W / kg. If the required CSS difference is not achieved, the 3rd load is prescribed at the rate of 2.5-3 W / kg. At the end of each load for the last 30 C, the heart rate is determined using an ECG or palpator.
The calculation of PWC 170 is produced in 2 ways: graphic (Fig. 2.9) and mathematical. With a graphical method in the coordinate system, dependence is built between the heart rate at 2 loads and their power. In extrapolation, the load capacity corresponding to the heart rate is 170 per minute.
Fig. 2.9.Graphic method for determining PWC 170: F 1 and F 2 - heart rate at the 1st and 2nd loads; W 1 and W 2 - Power of the 1st and 2nd Loads
The mathematical method for calculating PWC 170 provides for the use of the formula proposed by V.L. Carpmann:
Pwc. 170 \u003d (n 1 + (n 2 - n 1) x (170 - F 1)) / (F 2 - F 1), (1)
where N 1 is the power of the 1st load; N 2 - power of the 2nd load; F 1 - CSS at the end of the 1st load; F 2 - CSS at the end of the 2nd load.
PWC Definition Method170 With stepergometry.The survey is offered to perform 2 loads, the power of which is calculated by the formula:
W \u003d 1.33 x P x H x n, (2)
where W is the load power, W; P - body weight, kg; h - height steps, cm; n - the number of ascents in 1 min; 1.33 - the coefficient that takes into account the size of the work during the descent from the bench. The height of the steps is selected depending on the length of the foot of the examined, so it is recommended to have a set of steps of different heights; It is convenient to use a universal sliding step with a changing site height.
For women, it is better to use steps with a height of 30 cm, for men - 40 cm. With regard to this height of the steps, there are tables in which the capacity of the work and the number of ascents are indicated depending on the mass of the body of the surveyed. Under the deergometry of the load should be such an intensity so that the CSS at the end of the 1st load is steadily within 100-120, and at the end of the 2nd - 140-160 per minute.
The capacity of the 2nd load can be increased by increasing the rate of climbing. This allows you to cut total time For testing from 8 min (4 min by 2 loads) to 5 minutes. According to the technique, modified by V.S. Porphell, with a step test, 2 loads without lear between them are consistent. Duration 1st - 3 min, 2nd - 2 min. At the same time, a sustainable state occurs on the 2-3rd minute of the 1st load, when performing the 2nd - on the 2nd minute, which is associated with an increase in the functioning of the operation of systems as a result of the execution of the 1st load.
With a more significant reduction in load time, physiological processes do not reach a stable state and the PWC 170 may turn out to be unreliable. The absence of a stable state requires continuation of the load for another 1-2 minutes. If the pulse is 170 per minute and will be reached at the end of the 1st voltage, the 2nd is not prescribed. Such an increase in heart rate may be associated with the incorrect choice of capacity of the 1st load
ki, a pronounced state of childinity of the cardiovascular system, emotional lability, etc.
The calculation of PWC i70 with a step test is made by formula (1).
The highest averages of PWC 170 are registered in athletes engaged in cyclic sports.
The FR at the pulse 170 per minute in incredited men aged 20-29 years is 162.3 ± 6.1 W, in 30-39 years - 150.6 ± 4.3 W and in 40-49 years - 142.2 ± 2.2 watts. In men, 50-59 and 60-69 years old, the average values \u200b\u200bof the FR, calculated at the pulse 150 per minute, are reduced, respectively, to 136 ± 6.7 and 116.7 ± 11 W.
The formula for calculating the IPC for PWC i70 for untranslated people is proposed:
MPK \u003d 1.7 - PWC i70 + 1240.
Other methods for evaluating FR
Skinger's sample.The author proposed a 2-speed step test, which takes into account the rate of climbing the step depending on the age, gender and body weight. The climb time is 4-5 minutes. To establish on the metronome, the required pace specified in Table. 2.6 The number of cycles should be multiplied by 6. The result of the sample is evaluated by the magnitude of the pulse recorded by the electrocardiograph or the palpatorically defined in the first 10 seconds after the completion of the sample (the result is multiplied by 6). The resulting heart rate is compared with due for this load (see Table 2.6).
Aerobic performance is estimated as an average of deviation of the actual heart rate from due to ± 10 per 1 min; At lower values \u200b\u200bof the FR pulse are estimated as high, with large - as low.
Harvard step test.The test involves climbing the step: for men - 50 cm high, for women - 43 cm at a frequency of 30 per minute (the tempo of the metronome is installed by 120 in 1 min) and duration 5 minutes. Each climb consists of 4 steps (Fig. 2.10). After completing the work, the surveyed in the sitting position calculate the heart rate in the first 30 minutes starting from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes of recovery. According to the data obtained, the index of the Harvard Step test (IST) is calculated by the formula:
Ish \u003d (T x 100) / ((p 1 + p 2 + p 3) x 2),
where T is the time of climbing, with; P 1, P 2, P 3 - Pulse Frequency, respectively, in the 2nd, 3rd and 4 minutes of recovery.
Upon lagging due to fatigue from a given pace in a metronometer after 15-20 s after the start of violations, the test stops and take into account
Table 2.6.The frequency of climbing on the step (cycles - 1 min) depending on age, gender and body weight
Note.In brackets - due hearth for this load.
Fig. 2.10.Harvard step test (climbing a single-stage staircase). When performing a step test, the examined rises into 2 accounts (1-2) and also for 2 accounts (3-4) descends (back forward). The full cycle of ascent consists of 4 steps. Figures - the number of steps when climbing
the actual time of work in seconds. The test should be immediately discontinued when there are signs of excessive fatigue: the paleness of the person, the appearance of cold sweat, weakness, etc.
With mass surveys, the reduced form of the Harvard step test is used: a single calculation of the pulse is performed in the first 30 minutes starting with the 2nd minute of recovery. Ist calculated by the formula:
Ish \u003d (t x 100) / (n 1 x 5,5).
FRs are estimated by an appropriate scale (Table 2.7).
Table 2.7.FR Evaluation
Sample RF.Due to the large load intensity when performing the Harvard Step test, it is used to assess FR healthy people young age. For senior age groups, an indirect assessment method is recommended using a functional sample RF. The method is based on the accounting of the pulse fixed on different stages Recovery after relatively small loads. To this end, 30 squats are used for 45 ° C or a 3-minute step test. The pulse is determined after 5 minutes of rest in the lying position (under the step test - sitting) for 15 ° C. up to the load, in the first and last 15 minutes, starting with the 1st minute of recovery (the result is multiplied by 4). To estimate the FR according to the formula below, the Rufheye index is calculated:
Index Rufhe \u003d ((p 1 + p 2 + p 3) - 200) / 10,
where n 1 is the initial pulse; P 2 - immediately after the load; P 3 - at the end of the 1st minute of recovery.
FR is considered as high under the ruft index<3, хорошая - 4-6, посредственная - 7-10, удовлетворительная - 10-15, плохая - 15 и более.
Test Navakki.A peculiar variety of maximum test with registration is only the "critical" power without data of gas analysis is the Navakki test. His advantages is informative,
stot execution, the ability to unify research results. The test is recommended WHO for widespread use.
For testing, only a bicycle ergometer is needed. The load is individualized depending on the mass body of the subject. The test begins with the initial load of 1 W per 1 kg of body weight and every 2 minutes increases to the same value. Register the maximum power achieved and the time of its retention (within 2 min). At the time of "failure" consumption of 2 at the test close to the maximum, heart rate also achieves maximum values. The test is suitable for studying both trained and untangled persons; It is possible to use it in rehabilitation for dosing of the load during therapeutic gymnastics and in assessing the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. In the latter case, it is necessary to start a sample from a load of 0.25 W / kg. In tab. 2.8 An assessment of the test results for healthy people is given.
Table 2.8.Evaluation of Navakki Test Results
Normal FR in untranslated (power 3 W / kg, held for 2 minutes) corresponds to the IPC 42-44 ml / kg / min, i.e. The average functional class (FC) of the Astrand aerobic ability for men aged 20-50 years. Selective studies show that among European men, only 5-8% have a similar level of FR.
2.4. Medical conclusion
According to the results of a comprehensive medical examination, a detailed conclusion is drawn up, which contains an assessment of the state of an athlete and arising from this recommendation.
The conclusion should include the following sections: Assessment of health status, assessment of physical development, assessment of functional state, admission to classes and competitions, recommendations on the organization and conduct of medical and preventive and restoration activities, recommendations on regime and methods of classes or sports training, appointment for the next or Additional examination.
The most complete, containing all the listed sections, the conclusion should be at a primary examination. With repeated dynamic surveys, the focus is on changes in health, physical development and the functional state of the time spent on the expired after the previous survey, the implementation and effectiveness of the appointments made earlier and recommendations, if necessary, change them.
Conclusion "Health" can be given only in the absence of any (even minor) deviations and complaints. Good well-being does not always serve as a direct indication of the lack of violations, and a great desire to play sports often leads to concealment of the complaints. Therefore, with the slightest suspicion for the presence of any deviations in health, an additional special examination should be carried out. But in general, the absence of violations and complaints allows you to write a conclusion: "healthy".
When identifying any violations in health, the diagnosis of the disease with its full characteristic is indicated: form, stage, flow, etiology, degree of compensation, etc.
It seems to be allowed to use the concept of "practically healthy" in the preparation of the conclusion of the functional state of athletes if the existing disorders do not represent any hazard for health due to the use of physical exertion and do not require special correction of the training regime. At the same time, in the conclusion, it is necessary to indicate the exact nature of the disorders identified, i.e. justify the formulation of such a diagnosis.
With repeated surveys, the dynamics of these changes should be specified, and with negative shifts, the diagnosis can be changed. Also mentioned over the expired injury and illness, their effect on the performance and availability of complications should be indicated.
Good health and functional status indicators indicate the adequacy of the workloads used and the workout mode, which is indicated in the conclusion. If there are no adverse changes during the examination,
there is a positive dynamics or a functional state does not correspond to the tasks and preparation period, a thorough analysis of the latter regime is needed with the introduction of certain changes in accordance with the status of each being examined. This may concern the character, volume and intensity of loads, their alternations with rest, duration and nature of the latter, introducing either the exception of any exercises, frequency of competitions, changes in the conditions of classes, the general mode of life of the study and the like. At the end of the conclusion, the recommended time limits and the nature of the next comprehensive survey, additional surveys (in the ambulatory, hospital, in natural conditions, etc.) requiring observations and self-controls are indicated.
The conclusion in writing is entered into the adopted form adopted for each contingent and is brought to the attention of the coach (teacher, manager of classes), which uses materials of medical examinations to compile and correcting a planning plan with physical consultancy or athlete preparation plan.
Questions for self-control
1. Name research methods used in medical control.
2. How does the examination method be the main in sports anthropology?
3. What studies somatoscopy?
4. Here the principles of the classification of functional samples.
5. What functional samples are used to determine
Somatoscopy, or an external inspection, allows you to study the features of posture, the physique and the state of the musculoskeletal system.
For inspection, the correct and uniform lighting is of great importance. The researcher must stand between the light source and the surveyed, which is in 2-3 steps from the doctor. Inspection is carried out in front, rear and profile.
Features posture
Posture - This is a familiar pose of a person, habit holding standing and sitting. The posture is usually estimated at standing.
With the right posture, the head and the torso are on one vertical line, the shoulders are deployed, slightly omitted or on the same level, the blades are pressed, the physiological curvatures of the spine are expressed normally, the chest is slightly convex, the stomach is drawn, the legs are straightened in the knee and hip joints.
In the study of the posture, it is necessary to determine the position of the head, the shoulder belt, the severity of the physiological curvature of the spine, the shape of the chest, abdomen, legs.
Head position. In order to correctly assess the position of the head, you need to face the subject to examine it, and then turn into the profile.
The head may be on one vertical with a torso or tilted to the right, left, thrown back or is served forward. With a sharp feed head, the posture is significantly disturbed, which can often be observed among athletes.
Shoulder girdle. When inspection, it is determined in front, on one level there are shoulders.
Sometimes it is not easy to do so because the uneven development of the muscles of the shoulder belt on the right and the left hides the true position of the shoulders. In these cases, it is necessary to turn the surveyed back to yourself, approach it and put thumbs at the corners of the blades, while the hands of the researcher must be straightened in the elbows. With the help of this reception, it is clearly defined which shovel and, accordingly, which shoulder above or lower than the other.
When inspection from the back side at the same time, the presence of the wing of the blades is determined, i.e. There is such a position in which the angle of the blade is so far behind the chest, the fingertips or even palm can be tested under it. The backlog of the corner of the blade is usually observed in people with a weakly developed muscles of the back. From true wonder blades need to be able to distinguish false when the impression of the walledity is created by the strong development of muscles, for example, gymnasts. In this case, under the corners of the blades you can not start your fingers.
When inspection in the profile is determined, the shoulders are unfolded or forward. Right and left shoulder can be filed forward unequal. To determine this, you need to stand up to the examined at the distance of the elongated hands and put the thumbs under its clavicle in the region of key-acromic articulations. According to the position of large fingers, the researcher clearly sees, the shoulders are equally located or one of them is somewhat fed. Such a deviation often can be detected, for example, in thrusts and boxers.
Spine. The posture depends on the state of the spine - the severity of its physiological curvature in the frontroad (sagittal) plane.
The spine has four physiological curvatures: two convexity forward - cervical and lumbar lordoses and two bulge back - breast and sacchable kyphos.
In the study of the spine, the surveyed must be put in a sidewall to itself so that the spin is visible. With normally pronounced physiological curvatures of the spine, the back line has a beautiful wavy shape. The most protruding points of the breast and sacker-cockerel KIFOS are usually located on one vertical. The depth of the cervical and lumbar lordosis should not exceed 4-6 cm. The depth of the lordosis is measured using kifoscolyosometers. For this purpose, the growth is used (the ruler is measured by the depth of the lordoses from the vertical rack) or lead line, which is modeled by the spinning process of vertebrae, and then superimposed on a special centimeter grid.
When determining the shape of the back, it is possible to use a palpation, by carrying out with your fingers for ostic processing. The form of the back can be normal with moderately pronounced curvatures of the spine; round-concave (saddot), if breast kyphosis and lumbar lordosis are pronounced sharply; Round, if very strong breast kyphosis, captures a part of the lumbar spine, and flat, when physiological curvatures are smoothed or completely absent.
There are various degrees of the back. It can be flattened, flat or flat-concave, when breast kyphosis is absent, but the lumbar lordosis is expressed.
When studying the spine, it is also necessary to determine the absence of side curvatures - scoliosis. For this, the researcher becomes the surveyed and suggests him to tilt his head and bring the shoulders. Ostial vertebral processes at the same time how to raise the skin. The researcher, the researcher applies the end phases of the index and middle fingers on both sides of the sailor of the seventh cervical vertebra and, strongly pressing their body of the surveyed, performs from top to bottom along the oestic processes from the neck to the sacrum. A white band appears on the pressure on the ostic processes against the background of two pink strips, which gives an idea of \u200b\u200bpossible distortions. With scoliosis, the value of the so-called "waist triangles" is also varied - slightly lumen lumens of the triangular shape, located between the torso and the inner surface of freely hanging hands, with the top of the triangles at the waist level. To determine the "triangles of the waist" you need to turn the examined with your back and check whether his hands are relaxed. After that, the symmetry of the "waist triangles" is determined. With scoliosis on the convex side of the "triangle" decreases until the disappearance, and on concave - increases.
Allocate right-sided and left-sided scoliosis. This means that a scoliotic arc is directed to the right or left. In addition, it is necessary to determine in which department of the spine takes place scoliosis: in breast or lumbar. The curvature of the spine in the chest left or right often causes its compensatory curvature in the lumbar department, respectively or left, these are the so-called S-shaped scoliosis.
Rib cage. Normally, it can have a cylindrical, conical or flat shape. To determine the shape of the chest, the researcher sits onto a chair and places thumbs along the rib armed arms so that the fingertips come into contact in the vertex area of \u200b\u200bthe intercostal angle. If at the same time the thumbs form an angle equal to 90 ° is the chest has a cylindrical shape if angle is greater than 90 ° - conical, less than 90 ° is flat.
It should also be remembered that as a result of various diseases, pathological forms of the chest can be formed. These include richitic (asymmetric, chicken, funnel), emphysematous (barrel-shaped), etc.
The shape of the abdomen. The stomach of the normal form is symmetrical and slightly acts. However, it can be drawn or sharply act forward, be disheighted or asymmetric.