What has the greatest impact on the height of the jump. "Heading equipment jumping in length and height. According to the Mangystau region

We have identified four main factors that affect the height of the jump.

Today we will talk about the composition of the body.

There is a simple dependence - people without excess weight jump above. The smaller your weight, the less effort to apply to jump on a certain height. In addition, the absence excess weight Provides greater freedom of movements.

Excess weight not only requires additional efforts when jumping, but also has an increased burden on the joints during landing.

If you want to run faster and jump above, get rid of excess weight.

However, do not overdo the weight loss. Now we are talking only about excess weight!

Upper weight is usually implied by excessive fat content. However, a certain level of fat is still necessary for the body for full functioning. Therefore, it is not necessary to strive for maximum getting rid of fat.

Concerning muscular mass, do not forget that the force with which you repel from the ground largely depends on the muscles, and, accordingly, on their size and weight. Here you have to find the best balance. Until a certain point, the increase in muscle mass has a positive effect on the height of the jump. However, excessive mass can reverse effect.

Thus, you need to monitor both the level of fat and muscular mass.

If you have determined that you need to lose weight, the next question that can arise with you: how to do it?

It is better to contact a specialist here, which will make a training program, taking into account your individual indicators.

In general terms, to reset the excess weight you need to consume less calories than you spend.

That is, if, for example, you consume 3000 calories per day, you need to stick to such training programSo that in the total amount, per day you burned 3500 or more calories.

When the weight is corrected, you should not forget that you need power. With an increase in force, both an improvement in neuromuscular bonds and an increase in muscle mass.

Improving neuromuscular ties is an improvement in the ability of the muscles to perceive the nerve impulses both individually and in the complex with other muscles, thus ensuring increased health. The results of such improvements become noticeable after a few workouts.

After the neuromuscular bonds are well developed, the complex mechanism for the increase in muscle strength due to their growth is gradually included. This is necessary for the body in order to more effectively perform the "commands" sent by the nerve pulses.

The process of extension of muscle mass is long enough. At the same time, in addition to training, it is very important to pay enough attention to nutrition and rest.

Currently in athletics Competitions are held in four main types of jumps performed from running out: jumping in height, length, triple jump and a pole jump. The purpose of athletics jumps - jump as much as possible or further. Based on this, in accordance with the motor problems, in one group you can contend to the length and triple, to another - jumping in height and sixth.

Sports result in athletic jumps depends on two main factors - from the initial speed and angle of departure of the body of the jumper. The flight part of each of the jumps has its own characteristics and the corresponding trajectory of the movement of the ACST athlete.

Each of the athletics jumps is a holistic exercise, but for the convenience of analyzing the technique, it can be divided into the following components:

running and preparation for repulsion (from the beginning of the runway until the legs are set to the point of repulsion);
repulsion (from the moment of setting the push legs on the support to the separation from it);
flight (from the moment of separation of the push foot from the support to the landing);
landing (from the time of touching the landing site until the athlete's body movement stopped).

Each is component parts Link playing a certain role In achieving a high sporting result, however, the proportion of them is not the same. We can assume that the greatest value has repulsion, then running (in points from the place, i.e. without running, the result is much worse), flight (in the Topran phase almost can not affect the specified trajectory of the ACST) and landing that affects the result only in Long jumps and triple.

Range and preparation for repulsion

Considering the fact that the range and height of the flight depend on the initial speed and angle of the body of the body, the athlete performs a run to create the necessary horizontal speed. This value in each type of jump should be optimal, based on the corresponding motor problems. Therefore, in jumping in length and triple, the speed of running to the moment of repulsion should be close to the maximum (the best jumpers of the world, it reaches 11 m / s and above). To achieve this speed, the corresponding length of running is needed: men are up to 45 m (20-24 running steps), in women up to 35 m (18-20 running steps).

When performing jumps in height, the optimal speed is significantly lower than the maximum (6-8 m / s), and therefore the length of the runway is in the range of 12-25 m (7-13 beam steps). In the jumps with the sixth, the athlete is striving to Naprat's maximum speed, but it is lower than the limit due to inconveniences arising from the nest of the pole.

In all types of jumps, there is a spread with acceleration, the greatest speed is achieved to the last three-four steps of the runway. At this time, due to changes in the rate and rhythm of steps, as well as the ratio of their length begins preparation for repulsion, which is associated in most cases with some decrease in previously acquired speed.

When preparing for repulsion, due to a certain increase in the length of the penultimate step, the OCST is somewhat lowered. In the last step, which is usually somewhat shorter than the penultimate, the athlete actively removes the pelvis and push leg. The arrest for ahead, creating a braking force, somewhat slows down the horizontal speed, but simultaneously increases the pressure on the ground, which causes an increase in the reaction of the support, which contributes to the translation of the horizontal vertical speed. If these actions are effective in height jumps, then in lengths in length, triple and the sixth, their role is minimal, since in these cases the ratio of the last three to four steps of the runway and the method of their execution has some features in each view of the jump.

The formulation of almost straightened push legs into the point of repulsion in all types of jumps is performed quickly and energetically. The support point should always be somewhat ahead of the projection of the OCTT to the ground, and the greater the angle of repulsion, the farther ahead is a foot. This distance is the largest in height jumps and significantly less in length jumps, triple and pole.

Repulsion

The main task of repulsion is the change in the direction of movement of the ATSTT athlete to some angle up. As a result of the redistribution of horizontal velocity into the vertical initial velocity of the jumper body, there is always less than the speed of running. The greater the distance from the point of projection of the ATSTT to the place of the support when setting the push legs, the more speed loss.

When setting to the point of repulsion, there is a small depreciation bending of the support leg in the hip and knee joints, there is also some bending of the spine. Consequently, the SCTC jumper is at first approaching the platform, and then, when extending the body, is removed from it. Usually, the depreciation flexion ends when the skin of the jumping leg of the jumper occupies a vertical position, after which the extension begins in all joints.

The pushing leg at the time of contact with the soil is experiencing a large load, which is amortized by the voltage and simultaneous stretching of the muscles - the extensor of the support leg due to their elasticity. The faster (at optimal limits) there will be stretched muscles, the more effective the strength and speed of their reduction. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of repulsion, the depreciation must be performed on a relatively short path.

It is very important to repulsion to perform as quickly as possible, and the extension in various joints occurs in a certain sequence: first the spine is straightened and the hip, then the knee joints are inflicted, the leggings of the legs with a fitted bending of the ankle joint ends.

In all types of jumps, the fulfillment of flashing movement by foot and hands is important. During the accelerated lift of the mask leg, the reactive power of Mach increases the pressure on the support and increases the load on the muscle of the support leg. However, at the end of the Mach, when the positive acceleration goes into a negative (deceleration) and the energy of a moving mask legs is transmitted to the rest of the body, the load on the muscle of the support leg sharply decreases and the excessive potential of muscle voltage provides faster and most powerful reduction.

From the point of view of biomechanics is more effective with a straight leg. At the same time, its center of gravity is in a slightly larger distance from hip jointWith the same angular velocity, it creates a higher linear speed and accordingly increases the traction force. However, the fulfillment of Mach with a straight foot is possible only in jumping in the height of the "flipping", "throttle", "step-down" and "wave", which are performed at a relatively low running rate. In jumping in length, triple and with a sixth, as well as in the height jump, the method of "Fosbery-Flop" is carried out by a bent foot, but with a greater speed.

In a single concentrated effort of an athlete when repulsing simultaneously with the straightening of the push legs and the jumper body should strive to make it possible more active movements not only to foot, but also with their hands. This contributes to the greatest rise of the OCCTF before takeoff, which improves sports result.

The magnitude of this angle largely depends on the position of the OCTC relative to the support at the moment of repulsion. In the jump, height and sixth the angle of repulsion is 80-85 °, in lengths in length and triple - 65-70 °. However, taking into account the addition of the vertical velocity created when repulsing, and the horizontal acquired during the runway, the resulting angle of the departure of the athlete's body in the jumps in the height is 65-70 °, and in length in length and triple - 18-25 °.

Flight

After the repulsion is completed, the flight phase begins, in which the OCST describes a specific trajectory, depending on the angle of departure and the initial speed. Change this trajectory of the jumper is not able, but due to the corresponding motor actions, it can change the location of the body and its separate parts Regarding its OCCTT. At the same time, the movement of some parts of the body in one direction causes compensatory movements of its other parts in the opposite.

In leaps in height and with the sixth athlete, it is necessary to take into account these patterns when moving through the bar, since in some cases it is possible to achieve such a position that the jumper, a ribbing bar, can carry his own OCTT under it, as it is not material, and the imaginary point and With some poses (horseshoe position) may be outside the body. Therefore, it is more profitable to carry the athlete through the bar the body is not immediately, but consistently to transfer others by actively lowering the body.

In the length and triple movement in flight allow you to maintain a stable position and create favorable prerequisites for the rational landing.

The distance jumping in length from the runway to theoretically can be determined by the formula: \\ where S is the jump distance, V is the initial speed of the departure, and the angle of departure, G is the acceleration of gravity.

Landing

The value of the landing and the nature of its execution is not the same in different types Jump. In jumping in height and with the sixth, this phase has no effect on the result, therefore its main purpose is to ensure the safety of an athlete. In length and triple jump, besides ensuring security, the landing method has a significant impact on the result. In connection with this, jumpers need to strive so that when landing the heel touched the soil in front of the point of the landing path of the OCSTF or coincided with it.

It should be noted that during the landing the athlete's body is experiencing, although short-term, but significant load. The slowdown in motion occurs both due to depreciation flexion in the hip, knee and ankle joints, and by deformation of the landing site. In order to reduce the muscle tension and the prevention of injury to athletes, it is recommended to lengthen the body of body braking when landing.

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Classification and characteristics of athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of physical education in educational institutions
- The content of educational programs on physical education in various educational institutions and educational planning
- Training athletics exercises (run, jump and throwing)
- Technique for the development of physical qualities using athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of recreational events
- Location and value of athletics in the system of health events
- Effect of athletics exercises on the human body
- Methodical recommendations for conducting work on the health run and walking
- Control and self-controlling progressive jogging and walking
Basics of techniques of mild athletics
Walking
Running short distances
- Basic Rules of Competitions in Running Short Distance
Outfect run
Middle Running
- Basic Rules of Competitions in the Run of Middle Distance
Running long distances
- Basic Rules of Competitions in Long Distance Running
Running on super long distances
- The main rules of the competition in the run of super-long distances. Running on the highway
Hurdling
Running with obstacles
Long jumps from running
- Basic Rules of Competitions in Long Jumps
Triple jump with running
- Basic Rules of Competitions in Triple Language
High jump

For learning technique, the jump in length is desirable to start after some preparation in the sprint, which ensures the stability of the length of the steps and the ability to develop a sufficiently high speed in the run.

Performing movements in the jump in length, subject to a small speed of running easy. Repulsion at high speed is of great difficulty. Therefore, training technique jump should be closely related to a special training aimed at the development of the necessary physical qualities. Special exercises first of all should be aimed at the development of high speed in the running and execution of a strong and fast push.

What does jump distance depend on

In lengths in length from a run-up, the theoretical range of the airflow of the jumper body depends on the size of the initial flight speed, the angle and the height of the departure of the general center of gravity of the body. Air resistance slightly reduces flight range. In flight, the athlete can no longer affect the trajectory obtained as a result of running and repulsion.

Studies of jumping techniques show that the initial flight speed, which in the best jumpers reaches 9.2--9.6 m / s, is determined mainly by the speed of running at the last step - 10.0--10.7 m / s. When repulsing the jumper changes the direction of movement, creates an angle of departure (19--24 °), providing the necessary height of the jump (50--75 cm) and the flight range.

When repulsion, the jumper changes the direction of movement. With increasing results, the repelling time is reduced. It is explained by an increase in the speed of movement in the running, an increase in the angle of leg formation, an angle of repulsion and a decrease in the amortization of the reference leg depreciation. Changing the direction of the body's movement at high speed in conditions of reducing the time of interaction with the support requires much greater efforts to repulsion and is associated with a partial decrease in the translational movement. Moreover, the decline is progressing with an increase in the angle of departure O.TS.T. Body and height jump.

In the run - the ability to dial the highest speed on the last 2--4 steps and the ability to keep the ability to repulsion.

In repulsion - the ability to change the movement of the body to a certain (in the range of 20--22 °) angle while maintaining the initial flight speed close to the speed of running.

In flight - the need to continue running movements and prepare for landing.

In the landing - the ability to make it possible to further forward and keep it possible above the foot feet.

The nature of movements - amplitude and freedom of movements, the distribution of the magnitude and direction of effort and their ratio in these phases is the basis of the total rhythm of the length of the length.

The search for the best rhythm of the jump is the most responsible part of the collaboration of the coach and an athlete.

When improving the equipment, the jump should be focused on the average values \u200b\u200bof the departure angle (20-- 22 °). When the average value of the departure angle is exceeded, the role of the initial flight speed increases, and at the same time the running speed (each 0.1 m / s at the last step of the run gave 8--10 cm in the jump distance). And, on the contrary, the role of effort when repulsion increases when the angle of departure in jumping below averages.

Branch of JSC National Center for Advanced ResourceӨRela»

Institute for advanced training pedagogical workers at the Mangystau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Educational and methodological development on the subject:

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SUBJECT:"Heading Technique Jump

In length and height "

Aktau 2016 year

Approved

FAO "National Center

advanced training "ӨRela»

according to the Mangystau region

Solution No. _______

"____" _____________ 2016

Compiler: Demeuov DS

Teacher of physical culture.

KSU "Specialized Economic Lyceum" of the city of Aktau Mangistau region

Council of Expert Commission

Protocol number _________

«____" ____________ 2016

Introduction

At the heart of athletics lie physical exercisesNatural for each person: movements that each of us is mastering from early childhood. What exactly you already know. It is walking, running, jumping and throwing. Mastering their base begins for a child literally from the first independent steps. And later in a variety of games with peers, the guys, without thinking about it, just what they do that these skills improve.

Availability of athletics turned it into one of the most massive sports physical education. The applied nature of athletics makes it the most important means of preparing people, and especially young people, to high-performance work and homeland defense. It is not by chance that this sport is a key place in the school curriculum of physical education and in the standards of the "national" and "presidential" tests.

The hopping section of the athletics includes 4 types: long jumps, height, triple and pole. And in the last two there are only men. In any type of jump, the level of results depends on the force of shock. So, engaging jumping, you should the mainstream to pay the development of the muscles of the legs. But this is still not enough. It is important to be rapid to send your body up in flight when it is deprived of support. Performing jumps in height or with a sixth, the athlete should be more economically overcome the bar. Jumping in length or triple, it adjusts a steady balance in flight, seeking to land like fashionable further.

Where the flight begins.

Modern leaping technique is distinguished by a great speed of running. Long and triple jumpers are able to develop on a rather short section of runway almost the same speed, which sprinters develop on the track. Even jumps in height without rapid runway can not do, however, they have a slightly lower speed.

As a rule, highly developed athletes seek good results in the jumps. Therefore, if you choose your choice on jumps, then try to simultaneously develop all the qualities - force, speed, endurance, flexibility and dexterity.

At first glance, the most simple technique of jumping in length. But this simplicity is apparent. The complexity is that the length jumper produces repulsion at high speed and for a very short period of time. At the same time, it seems to be "exploded." As with an artillery shot, "explodes." As with an artillery shot, when the charge is exploded and a shell with a huge speed flies out of the trunk. The only difference is that the jumper itself carries the charge of the energy of this "explosion" and itself is a "shell".

There are several ways to jump in length.

Which one is most effective?

To answer this question, let's deal with what parts the jump is. Four them: run, repulsion, flight and landing. The technique of running and repulsion in all versions of jumps is the same. Only ways are different. Moves performed by a jumper in flight pursue one goal - to maintain balance and prepare for landing. As for the length of the journey itself, they do not have significant influence here.

So, the jump is performed in three ways: "Bending the legs", "flaking" and "scissors". The best jumpers prefer the "scissors", when after repulsing the athlete, however, running through the air. In this case, the number of steps depends on the flight length. If the athlete jumps at 8 m, then it makes the length of 3.5 steps. When jumping by 4.5 - 5 m is enough 2.5 steps.

At the very beginning of class jumps, you just have enough to do only 1 step with a subsequent landing. It will not fly in a run, but flight "in step" (the way "Founding"). This method is the easiest. After the flight "In the step", the jumper can tighten the pushing leg at the Machova, then both legs bent in the knees, tighten into the chest.

At the same time, the torso leans forward, the hands are lowered forward - down. Before landing, the legs straighten forward, and the hand is discharged back. The execution technique of this method is shown in the figure. one.

Now consider the technique of "scissors" from 2.5 steps through the air (Fig. 2).

Please note that at the beginning of the flight, the thigh of the Machova's leg continues to rise, due to which the first step is widespread. This is very important for greater resistance in flight. Then an athlete, as when running. Performs the second wide step. Next, he pulls up the foot behind, raises both bending legs, straightens them and landing.

As already mentioned, the duration of the body's flight depends on the speed at the moment of repulsion: the higher the departure speed, the longer the athlete is in the air. In turn, speed depends on speed and jump, as well as from the ability to correctly repel. These qualities and need to produce in training.

What should I pay attention to when running?

At beginners of jumpers, the length of the runway should be 12-16 running steps. Start running always with the same leg. Try to seek

to each time the length of the first steps was the same. This will help you when repulsioning exactly get to the foot on the bar.

Rice -1

During running time, try to develop great speed as soon as possible. It must be the highest at the moment of repulsion.

Before the stronger top part The body must be in a vertical position. If you tilt the body too much, the push will be blurred, as if after. And vice versa, when the body is rejected back, you will have to put a jog forward. It slows down, and at the time of repulsion you will come across the leg.

When there is absolutely nothing to strain. At first, think about speed, not about repulsion. Why? Remember the tips you received in the previous chapter, when there was a conversation about the technique of sprint running. In the jumps there are the same rules: the freely your movements are, the easier it is to prepare from the final effort.

Fig - 2.

From the very first training, try to withstand the rhythm of the runway, listen to the "music" of movements. This also affects the result. The more accurate the length of the runway, which means it is hitting the repulsion bar, the further jump. And the less risk to care for the bar. Rules are strict: even a millimeter socket can cross the result. And in the fight against rivals, any attempt can decisive.

Repulsion is that by putting a foot on the bar, the athlete tries to straighten up in a hip, knee and ankle Sustava. At the same time, the hands and shoulders are sent up - forward. Touch the bar occurs simultaneously with the whole stop. In no case is inadmissible bending a push leg in Colon and the transition from the heel on the sock. There must be a feeling, as if you, for a moment, touched by the leg of the bar, repel it back (Fig. 3).

After the flight, one of the methods described above, you make a landing. It is important not just to endure the legs far ahead, but also not to strain them, otherwise the landing will turn out too tough.

As soon as the five touch the soil, the legs gently bended in the knees. In this case, the upper part of the body is slightly lifted. To make it easier to bear the thigh forward. The weight of the body will move per point of landing, and you are not a tallery back.

Make sure that both legs are launched at the same level. it

give you the opportunity to move forward in a straight line.

Hands first are strongly lowered down-back, and then make them energetic mothers forward, helping the movement of the body.

Choosing your style jump, give preference to the one that you is comfortable. After all, even among the recordsmen, you will not see two athletes jumping equally. By the way, about measuring the length of the jump. It is not determined not from the point of repulsion, but from the bar to the rear track itself, which is left when landing.

Figure 3.

The main conditions of good jumps are already known. The speed is purchased thanks to the sprint. And jumping develops with general power exercises for legs and special leaping exercises. With which you will get to know further.

Performing special exercises, you will simultaneously master proper technique repulsion. When jumping in length, pay attention to the following:

Take jumps in small series;

Exercise only until you are able to repulse an explosion;

Combine all the exercises that are given here, with a rapid run;

With each jump, try to overcome the maximum distance.

You can evaluate your result by such a table.

Long jump.

Results, see		Average results, see		Good results, see
Boys Ki.	Boys Ki.		Boys Ki.

Now get to know some exercises. Updated, make a few jumps from foot on foot. Try to gently land and quickly push the ball like a ball.

In the flight, the mahow leg must be bent under an acute angle. Before landing, the shin is thrown away far forward. However, the knee is not straightened completely. From now on, the whole leg, starting with the hip, goes down - back. As a result, the leg concerns the soil in such a way that it does not stop the next jump and immediately moved forward.

After five steps run. Make a few jumps from foot on foot. In one series, run 6 - 8 many intervals. At the same time, the point of repulsion is stamping so that the last jump is over in the jumping pit or on a heap of sand.

Locks on the steps (6 - 8 times) are performed or on the stairs, or on the stands of the stadium. After a small runway, make a rise in

steps, jumping from foot to foot. This exercise is better to do in dry weather (if you are engaged in the stadium). Since the wet steps jump is unsafe: you can get injured.

Jumping from Nagi on foot can be complicated by making them through a small obstacle. As an obstacle, pull the rubber cords or arrange one of the other balls in a row at a certain distance. Intervals between obstacles gradually increase.

I also recommend using a little later and natural obstacles: shallow ditches, puddles, streams, etc. At the same time you will perform the simplest jumps in length. Remember: overcome wide obstacles need to be dramatically moving. Then run on without stop.

Already here you should pay attention to the technical details: when repulsion, put the jogging leg on the soil instantly and immediately repel; Flying leg vigorously raise up horizontal position; The upper part of the body is in a vertical position; Upon landing, the mane foot spring so that you can immediately continue running.

Long jumps are also useful. You need to perform them, put the fly leg back, and then, pulling it out when repulsted forward, try how you can tighten the flight. At the time of the landing, quickly tighten the push foot forward. The same can be done with 1 - 6 cross-country steps (each running step is twice as long as the usual).

Performing all these exercises, you must feel elasticity in all the joints of the supporting leg when it is stood on the ground. You can develop elasticity with this exercise: jump in place on one leg with active

with the removal of the pelvis in advance at the end of the repulsion and a small lifting of the knee of the mask leg after the rebound. Approximate norm for one training 2 - 3 series of 10-15 jumps.

To master the correct repulsion will have to work on it not one workout. Strive to achieve consistency in the actions of the hands and the mask leg at the moment of repulsion.

To clearly experience the rhythm of the last steps, such a simulation exercise is useful to you: from the initial position, standing on the spot, the pushing leg is ahead, make a wide step by the Machova's foot and put it bent in the knee, so that the shin is at right angle to the track. Then make a step with a push foot and at the moment when the knee reaches the support leg, start smoothly raise it back and up and substitute this leg going back-up the body.

I hope you have not forgotten that special exercises should be done in combination with gymnastic. Jumping in length should be performed as follows:

Tilts of the body back (with hands to get heels);

In the position "Barrier step" sitting the slopes of the body forward:

Standing on his knees, tilting back (head to get to the ground or floor);

Putting the legs, slopes to the sides;

Spring lowering in the "twine";

The execution of the "bridge" from the position lying on the back.

Jump in height.

If jumping in length and triple jump are known since ancient times, the athletes began to jump in the height relatively recently. On the Olympiad champion, American Ellery Clark, overcoming the bar for a height of 1 m 81 cm. Now, this line has become commonplace and for women, and the leading jumpers have long mastered the heights between 2 m 30 cm and 2 m 40 cm. Progress in this type of athletics Largely obliged the invention of new, more advanced ways to overcome the plank.

But all these ways of jumps have a lot in common. Their main phases - run and repulsion (namely they have the greatest impact on the height of the jump) - do not differ much.

Who does not own a runway technique and cannot make the right repulsion, he will not achieve success even with the help of the most advanced movements in flight. This was stated in relation to jumping in length.

Nevertheless, you need to master those ways to jump, which make it possible to better use the height of the take-off, more economically carry the body through the bar. These include "flipped" and "Fosbury - Flop".

For those engaged independently affordable way It is a "flipping". On it we will stop more. Before starting classes in height jumps, you will have the sector. How to do it, you will learn at the end of the book. In the meantime, get acquainted with the technique of jumping.

The length of running in the jumps in the height is small - approximately 11 running steps. Comparatively low and sweep speed. But here there are difficulties: it is important to fulfill the last steps in the right rhythm. Starting running easily and freely under sharp (20 - 40) angle to the bar, the athlete vigorously performs the 3 last steps, the length of which is respectively approximately 185, 205 and 185 cm. The last step should be the fastest.

Exposing ahead of the push leg at the beginning of the repulsion from five, the jumper achieves turning the horizontal speed of running into vertical

top speed up. The foot forward slows down the body promotion forward, slightly bends in knee joint And put on the entire foot, while the other leg at this time makes Mas, to which hands and shoulders help, aspiring up. The push is completed with a sharp straightening of the leg in the knee and ankle joints and the movement of the feet on the sock. At the same time, the body of the jumper is drawn up. Machy leg is thrown behind the bar, following her through

plank, switch the body and push foot. Then follows landing.

Overcoming the bar, you need to remember the following;

During the flight, face and chest are directed to the bar;

Above the plank, the body straightens and almost parallel to it. Jumper pulls up the push leg, and the hands presses to the body;

After overcoming the bar, the upper part of the body and the mane foot quickly fall down;

At the same time, the knee of the push legs are given out, away from the plank;

The head needs to press all the time to the chest so that the back does not take place;

After overcoming the bar first relate to the soil of the Mach leg and the hand of the same name, then the jumper rolled through the side.

The technique of performing a jump in the height "cake" way you see in Figure 4.

Fig - 4.

It is necessary to master it in such a sequence. Initially, it should be learn to the right movement of the push leg when repulsing. In this you will be helped by jumping from direct running through the bar at a height from 40 to 100 cm with a landing on the push leg. The point of repulsion should be at a distance of 2 - 3 feet from the plane and racks.

First jump from 1 step, leaving the jogging leg behind. Mainly pay attention to the speed of repulsion.

As active repulsion is developed, you can go to jumps from 2, and then from 3 steps. At the same time, gradually raise the bar, increasing the height of the take-off.

It is possible to work out the pushing technique and without a plank. In this case, high jumps are very useful. They are performed at a small speed of running from 3 to 7 steps. Before repulsing, you should not raise high legs to push the push as sharp as possible. Put the leg to the point of repulsion you need quickly and almost straightened so that it acts as a lever.

At the same time, out the pelvis up-forward. Thus, you will take the right position on the place of the jump support. Still close to the elevation so that the takeoff is cool.

As an elevation, you can use a bench, a funeral in a forest or park, a bunch of sand. These jumps perform the series, 10-12 each.

If you train in the park or in the courtyard, where trees grow, use jumps with dry dryers. To do this, choose the lower bunches or branches first, and then more and more distant from the ground. This exercise can be performed with a hanging ball. You can hang it at any height using a grid or rope, the height easily changes. You can get to the ball one or two hands, as well as your head.

At the next stage, you have to seek the consistency of the movements of the jog and the mask legs during the impetus. First work out to perform max and

repulsion from the spot. To do this, put the pushing foot to the point of repulsion, and turn back to the fly foot and the torso. Taking the feet of the Machova's feet bar (or tree branch, hanging ball) at an altitude of 140-170 cm,

at the same time, repel your push foot.

Pretending this movement from the spot, proceed to its execution from 1, 2 and 3 steps. Keep track of the right and fast leg production at the last step, as well as for the movement of hands and shoulders.

The correct repulsion is in many ways the Machi leg. When mom begins, the foot is somewhat bent. Passing past the push legs, they straightened, and the sock of the foot takes "on itself."

Start handling flashing in place. This can be done, for example, at the wall at home. Stand the semogog to the wall from the side of the push legs. Simultaneous with a push with a hand. Enact about the wall. By making strong moms with another foot, try to touch the wall toes as high as possible (6-8 times). Do the same with a hanging ball.

Mach can be performed from the position lying. To do this, you need to lie back on the elevation, so that the mother leg hung down. From such a situation, vigorously cheat the top leg of the top. The exercise gives an even greater effect if the mane leg will overcome the resistance of the rubber tape (12-15 times).

Another exercise is throwing the maneee foot of the stuffing ball or a bag with sand. Mass of the ball 3 - 4 kg. Hook his maneee foot and try to rinse as far as possible. The more energetic Mach, the further flying the ball (6-8 times).

When you achieve a good combination of push and Mach, you can explore the transition technique through the bar.

Do not seek to raise it immediately. For the beginning, a 50-60 cm height is sufficient, because at first you have to move the bar without shock.

Stand up to the Halforn bar, so that it turns out to be on the side of the push legs. Raise the flying leg over the bar and dropping it along with the hand of the same name

over the bar, transfer the body and push the body through it with rotational motion. Having done this exercise several times, go to its execution from 1, 2 and 3 steps.

Newbies often strive at the time of repulsion to tilt the body toward the joggy. Try to avoid this error. You can start the movement necessary for the transition through the bar, you can only at the moment when the feet of the Machova reaches the highest point.

In training, be sure to turn on stretching exercises. Mobility in the joints, wide movement in all phases of jump distinguish good jumpers.

Here are some of these exercises:

Put the straight leg on the exaltation. Bending torso, pull the hands forward;

Having stretched back, put it on the elevation. From this position, make a few deflection back.

From the original position of the leg on the width of the shoulders, the torso tilted forward to make several turns of the body with a swallowing movement of relaxed hands.

Like all jumpers, "high spirits" need to be strong. With some, exercises, developing strength, you are already familiar. Here are some more exercises useful for strengthening individual muscles to which the main load in height jumps.

2. Creatures for the development and strengthening of the muscles of the shin and foot.

a) swelling to the place on one or two legs pushing the foot;

b) high jumps from foot on foot, pushing out the elastic foot;

c) swelling on one leg, while the other lies on the elevation.

At first, these exercises need to do with small series, gradually increasing the load.

1. Creatures, developing thigh muscles;

a) bouncing on one leg from low and high semi quiet;

b) jumping up from the spot, pushing out one foot from the steps, with a nice other foot bent in the knee;

c) swelling in the lung position with perhaps higher jumps and shifts in the air;

d) jumping through barriers (or other light obstacles with a height of 50-70 cm), pushing out two legs.

As for the jumps in the height of the Fosberi Flop, then you can not do it yourself. First of all, because this method is unsafe for beginners. His main feature is that after a push, the body athlete unfolds back to the plank. Then the jumper begins in the lower back and lands on the back. The landing is made on mild mats that insure athletes from injuries.

To master the FLOP technique follows the supervision of the coach in the special equipped sector. It is possible when you begin to engage in height in a height of a children's sport - school, you will master this way. And then you will be useful to the skills that you have purchased, learning to independently jump "cake."

High jump.

Results, see		Average results, see		Good results, see
boys Ki.	Boys Ki.		Boys Ki.

One of the most interesting types of athletics program is jumping with a pole. Sestovik competitions take place many viewers. In technical terms, jumping with a pole belong to the category complex species. They should be engaged in the supervision of coaches. For these jumps, a specially equipped sector is required and no expensive. Therefore, to independently master jumps with the pole, like the style of "Fosbury - Flop", is not recommended.

References

E.A. Malkov "Send from Queen Sports."

Moscow "Enlightenment" 1991

2. G.I. Examined "Desktop Book of Teacher Physical Culture". Moscow "Physical Culture and Sport" 2000

Annotation:

The purpose of the work is the theoretical substantiation of the optimal biomechanical characteristics in height jumps. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the influence of the height of the jump: the speed and angle of departure of the center of the masses during the repulsion, the position of the center of mass of the body of the athlete in the phases of the repulsion and transition through the bar, the strength of the air of the air, the effect of the body inertia. The main technical errors of the athlete are allocated when exercising. The biomechanical characteristics that increase the effectiveness of jumping in height include: the rate of departure of the center of the massmen of the athlete (4.2-5.8 meters per second), the angle of departure of the body of the body of the body (50-58 degrees), the height of the departure of the body mass center (0.85-1.15 meters). Showing the direction of choosing the necessary biomechanical characteristics that are able to implement an athlete. Recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of jumping in height are proposed.

Keywords:

biomechanical, trajectory, pose, athlete, jump, height.

Introduction

An important component of improving the efficiency of the athlete's movements is the choice optimal parameterswhich predetermine the success of technical actions. One of the leading positions in such a movement is occupied by biomechanical aspects of technology and the possibility of its modeling at all stages of training athlete. In turn, the modeling process requires accounting for both general patterns of construction of traffic techniques and individual features Athlete. This approach largely contributes to the search for optimal parameters of technology and its implementation at certain stages of training athlete

The theoretical basis for research on biomechanical laws of sports movements is N.A. Bernstein, V.M. Dyachkova, V.M. Zokiorsky, A.N. Laputin, G. Dapena, P.A. Eisenman. The need to pre-build models and the subsequent choice of the most rational biomechanical parameters of the athlete's movements are noted in the works of Adashevsky V.M. , Ermakova S.S. , Chinko V.E. And others.

In this case, the search for the optimal combination of kinematic and dynamic parameters of the athlete jumping, taking into account the legislative transmission of mechanical energy from the link to the link. This approach allows you to successfully influence the result. sports activities When performing a height jump. It is recommended to use mathematical models of movements, characteristics of poses and movements of an athlete.

Sports result in high-dimensional leaps is largely determined by rational biomechanical characteristics, which is capable of realizing an athlete, namely: the speed of running, the point of repulsion, the angle of departure center of the body of the athlete, the position of the center of the body of the athlete in the phase of the repulsion and transition through the bar.

At the same time, require clarification of some positions presented above in relation to height jumps.

So Lazarev I.V. It notes that the definition of the features of the Fosbe Ri-Flop technique at the stage of formation of sports skills, identifying the structure and mechanisms of repulsion, the development and use of the jump in the training models is one of the topical problems of technical training of jumpers in height from running. The greatest impact on the improvement of sports results in high-level jumps with a fosbury-flop method (take-off height in the imperious phase jump, running speed) and dynamic (pushing pulse along the vertical component, the average repulsion force along the vertical component, extremum force) indicators .

Zaborsky G. A. believes that comparison of model characteristics of motor optimum with real the reproducible structure of the jumper movement in repulsion will allow to identify such elements of its technical and high-speed-force preparedness, the correction and development of which will allow it to form an individual-optimal repulsive technique in jumping.

At the same time, in building models, jumping for modern conditions for competitive activities is still sharply the need for research.

Studies were conducted under the State Budget Theme M0501. "Development of innovative methods and methods for diagnosing leading types of preparedness of athletes of different qualifications and specialization" 2012-2013.

The goal, tasks of work, material and methods.

purpose of work- Theoretical substantiation of basic rational biomechanical characteristics in height jumps, as well as in drawing up recommendations to improve the effectiveness of jumping in height.

Tasks of work

analysis of special literature
building a model for determining the effect on the height of the speed jump and the angle of departure of the center of the masses during the repulsion, the position of the mass center of the athlete body in the phase of the repulsion and transition through the bar, the power of the air resistance, the effect of the body inertia,
compilation of recommendations for improving the results in height jumps in the Fosbury-flop method.

Subject of researchthere were biomechanical characteristics of an athlete who contribute to improving the effectiveness of jumping in height.

Object of study- Highly qualified athletes - jumpers in height.

The task solving was used by the Kidim special software complex, developed at the Department of Theoretical Mechanics of NTU "KPI".

Research results.

Sports result in height jumps is determined mainly by rational biomechanical characteristics that are able to implement an athlete, namely: the speed of running, and, consequently, the speed and angle of departure of the center of mass of the body of the athlete, the position of the body of the athlete body in the repulsion phase and transition through the bar. Therefore, it is obvious that the need for theoretical and practical studies is obvious to implement all the biomechanical parameters listed above in order to obtain the maximum result in the height of the Fossbury-flop.

At the same time, it should be processed from the following prerequisites. The height of the jump is determined mainly by biomechanical characteristics that are able to implement an athlete, namely:

running speed
mass center departure rate during repulsion,
an angle of departure center of the Athlete massman during repulsion,
the situation of the center of the mass of the body of an athlete in the phase of repulsion and transition through the bar.

The speed and angle of departure of the center of masses athlete during repulsion are the main biomechanical characteristics in height jumps.

The rate of departure center of the athlete during repulsion is the resulting speed of the vertical and horizontal components of the athlete repulsion speed.

In men - high-end masters, the horizontal sweep speed of 6.5 - 8 m / s, and the resulting speed of departure center of the mass of the athlete during repulsion 4.5-5.4 m / s.

The height of the body of the body of the body during repulsion depends on the anthropometric parameters and the method of jumping. When moving through the bar, the center of mass body depending on the method of jumping can be higher than the strip (skewer) or below the Fosbury-flop method.

The angle of departure of the center of the Athlete's masses during repulsion is chosen as the most rational within 56 - 58 degrees to the horizon, taking into account the strength of the air resistance.

With a rational combination of these biomechanical parameters, the result of jumping by the method of "Fosbury-flop" 2.2 - 2.4m.

Consider using the calculated scheme, the effect on the point of repulsion, and, consequently, the speed of departure of the center of mass of the body of the athlete, vertical, horizontal components and an angle of departure of the center of mass of the athlete body (Fig. 1).

v 0 \u003d V \u003d g G + V V,

Here v 0 The initial repulsion rate (departure) of the center of the body of the athlete,

V r \u003d v x - horizontal body running rate (horizontal component),

Vv \u003d V y - the vertical component of the repulsion speed,

h C0 - body center height when repulsing,

0 \u003d? B - the angle of departure of the center of the Athlete's masses during repulsion

In the projections on the axis of the Cartesian absolute coordinate system, this equality is:

v 0\u003d V R; v 0 \u003d.v b; v \u003d v 0 cos?; v \u003d v 0 sin?.

Expression of the absolute initial speed of departure

G is the strength of gravity, MC is the moment of the forces of the resistance of the air environment, H C is the current height of the center of the body of the body, Rc is the power of the resistance of the air environment.

Power of aerodynamic resistance RCfor bodies moving in the air density p, equal to vector sum R c \u003d r n +R T lifting force - R \u003d 0.5c? SV 2and the power of windshield resistance R \u003d 0.5c.? S. V 2.. When calculating these forces, dimensionless windshield coefficients (C n and C ? ) It is determined experimentally depending on the shape of the body and its orientation in the medium. S (Midel) is determined by the value of the area's projection cross section Bodies on the plane perpendicular axis of movement, V is the absolute body speed.

Fig. 1. Estimated scheme for determining the initial parameters when repulsing

Fig. 2. Estimated scheme for determining rational biomechanical characteristics in the flight phase

Fig.3. Graphic characteristics of the trajectory center of mass for various values \u200b\u200bof the initial departure speed

It is known that air density is? \u003d 1,3. kg / m 3.It should be noted that the body in flight has a total motion case. The corners of the corners of the body in the anatomical planes are changed and, accordingly, the value S is changed. Determination of variables of the values \u200b\u200bof the Middle S and the windshield coefficient c.require solid additional studies, so when solving this task, we will take their averaged values.

It is also possible to determine the average values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient (to),standing at V 2 is the absolute speed of body flight in the jump.

Without taking into account the lifting force, the magnitude of which is very small, we obtain the average values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient. k \u003d 0.5c? ? S.
k \u003d 0-1 kg / m.

Then, R? \u003d R c \u003d kv 2.

We will make the equation of the dynamics of the plane-parallel movement in the projections on the axis of coordinates

Here m.- body mass, X C, Y C -comply with the projections of accelerating the center of mass, P E X, P E Y- projections of the resultant foreign extermination of the body acting on the body, J Z.- Moment of inertia relative to the front axle ,? - corresponds to the angular acceleration when turning the body around the front axle, M E Z.- The total moment of the external forces of resistance of the medium relative to the front axle.

When moving in plane xay,the system of equations can be written as:

The angle between the current projections of the velocity of the center of body mass and speed vector.

The solution of this problem requires the integration of differential equations of motion.

Consider the effect of the velocity and angle of departure of the center of mass of the body of the athlete, the position of the center of mass of the body of an athlete in the phase of the repulsion, the moment of inertia relative to the front axle, taking into account the forces of the air resistance.

The results of calculations on mathematical models and the obtained graphic characteristics show:

the various values \u200b\u200bof the inertia of the body relative to the front axle during the flight change the value of the angular velocity, and, therefore, change the values \u200b\u200bof the number of revolutions n, which can be promoted by faster rotations around the front axle when the bar,
for the real speed of the body of the athlete, the resistance force of the medium for various minelers has a small effect on changing the result.
to achieve high results, it is necessary to increase the horizontal speed of running and, as a result, the initial speed of departure, the angle of departure of the center of mass body, the height of the center of mass body during repulsion when they are rational combination.

The calculated biomechanical characteristics of the jump in height are model and in practical activities will be somewhat different.

In research Lazareva I.V. The main indicators have been identified that have the greatest impact on the improvement of sports results in height jumps with a fosbery-flop method: a) kinematic indicators:

take-off height in the conceiving phase jump 0.74 -0.98m;
layout speed 0.55m / s; B) dynamic indicators:
pulse repulsion by the vertical component of 0.67 - 0.73;
the average repulsion force along the vertical component of 0.70 - 0.85;
eXTHERIALS IN EXTREME 0.62 - 0.84.

It was also established that the features of the formation of an intra-perceptual structure of the technique of qualified jumpers as the sporting results grows are characterized by a targeted change in the rates of running speed, the angle of leggings to repulsion, the path of the vertical movement of the total center of mass (O.T.) in repulsion, the angle of departure O.TS.M. Body. When performing repulsion, attention should be focused on the nature of the leg form on the support, and not simultaneously, the acceleration of the flying links. Staging a leg for repulsion should be carried out by an active running movement from the thigh. The jumper must perform legs with full foot, while the stop should be located along the line of the last step of the runway.

In the work of the Zaborovsky G. A. It was established that the rapprochement of the real characteristics of the movement in repulsion with theoretically optimal values \u200b\u200bis achieved through an increase in the angle to decline the center of mass over the support at the input to repulsion under conditions of constancy of the running speed. At the same time, the proportion of braking actions of athletes in repulsion decreases, and the accelerated flywheel movements of the body links directly in the repulsion phase is activated by transferring the share of these movements from the depreciation phase to the repulsion phase.

Fig. 4. Graphic characteristics of the dependence of the mass center trajectory for various angles of the corners of the center of mass body

Fig. 5. Graphic characteristics of the trajectory center of mass for various values \u200b\u200bof the height of the center of mass body during repulsion

conclusions

An analysis of special literature showed that to ensure a high result in high jumps, a number of multi-connected factors should be taken into account that provide a maximum height of body flight.

Basically, the sports result in high jumps are determined by biomechanical characteristics that are able to realize an athlete, namely: speed of running, speed and angle of departure center of the mass of the body of the athlete's body, height.

The biomechanical characteristics that increase the effectiveness of jumps in height include their ranges:

the rate of departure center of the mass of the athlete - 4.2-5.8 m / s,
the angle of departure center of mass body - 50 0 -58 0,
the height of the departure center of body mass - 0.85-1.15m.

It has been established that in order to achieve high results, it is necessary to increase the horizontal speed of the runway and as a result, the initial departure rate, the angle of departure of the center of mass body, the height of the body center of the body during repulsion when they are rational combination.

Fig. 6. Graphic characteristics of the number of revolutions for different values \u200b\u200bof the moment of inertia relative to the front axis

Fig. 7. Graphic characteristics of the trajectory of the center of mass for various values \u200b\u200bof the forces of the resistance of the air

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