What is a conjunctive coordinating connection? Complex sentences with different types of connections. Subordinating conjunctions and allied words

Compositional,
subordinating and
non-union connection in
complex sentences
The world is illuminated by the sun,
And a person is illuminated by knowledge!
Proverb

Lesson objectives:
– educational:
deepen students' understanding of the structure of complex
offers;
practice the skill of placing punctuation marks in
complex sentence With different types communications;
repeat spellings Н-НН in words different parts speeches
– developing: develop, compare, contrast,
draw a conclusion, improve self-control skills
educational activities;
– educational: to cultivate the need correctly
evaluate one’s own activities and speech culture.

Vocabulary dictation

Task I
Vocabulary dictation
Captive born cubs, polished
furniture, clay tablets, butter cream,
pickled cucumber, wounded soldier,
Maslenitsa, desirable, ancient, clever
student, tin, fried potatoes,
roasted in the oven, wounded in the arm,
hotel.

Types of complex
proposals
Allied
Compound
Non-Union
Complex subordinates

Complex sentence -
this is a complex sentence, parts
which are connected
coordinating conjunctions And
grammatically independent friend
from each other, that is, they are in
relations of equality,
equivalence.
THE TRANSPARENT FOREST ONE TURNES BLACK, AND
THE FIR IS GREEN THROUGH THE FROST, AND THE RIVER
IT SHINES UNDER THE ICE.

Complex sentence
this is called a complex sentence, parts
which are interconnected by subordinates
conjunctions (or allied words) and are in
relations of formal inequality.
Example: . I don't want the world to recognize my mysterious
story. (M. Lermontov)
The first part is the main part, and the second part is
dependent (called subordinate clause).
The dependence of the second on the first part is formally
is revealed in the very possibility of logical
question from main to dependent. Associated parts with
using the subordinating conjunction so.

NON-UNION COMPLEX SENTENCE –
THIS IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE, PARTS
WHICH ARE CONNECTED IN MEANING AND
INTONATIONS.
The grass is turning green
The sun is shining
Swallow with spring
It flies towards us in the canopy.
(A. Pleshcheev)

Task 2
Oral group work.
Describe the proposals.
1. Once again I visited that corner of the earth where I
spent two unnoticed years as an exile.
2. It was quiet in the garden, and only from somewhere
The noise of wheels could be heard from afar.
3. I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me.

Task 3.
Determine the types of communication.
1. Children, passersby, and everyone immediately gathered at the monument
they fell silent waiting for the music because it comforts
people, promises them happiness and glorious life. (A.
Platonov)
2. We heard: a boat sailed along the river, and our hearts felt
easily. (V. Arsenyev)

(To Sukhomlinsky)

Changed: we had too little time left.

Task 3.
Answers.
1. Children were immediately gathering at the monument,
passers-by, and they all fell silent in anticipation
music because it comforts people
promises them happiness and a glorious life. (A.
Platonov)
- Coordinating and subordinating:
2. We heard: a boat floated along the river, and
my soul felt lighter. (V. Arsenyev)
- Non-union and coordinating:

Task 3.
Answers.
3. Place a hundred teachers over you - they will prove
powerless if you can't force yourself.
(To Sukhomlinsky)
- Non-union and subordinate:
- , If()
4.After lunch, when the sun was at its zenith, we
decided to make a stop, but unexpectedly our plans
changed: we had too little time in
in stock
- Coordinating, subordinating, non-union:
[ , (when...), ], but:

In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.

General information

If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to note that the subordinating relationship can only appear in the first version, while the coordinating type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of transformation into a common construction is performed, creating series of homogeneous terms. In complex structures, coordinating and subordinating connections do not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.

First difference

The use of composition and subordination helps to identify the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the coordinating connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the utterance are highlighted, indicating the need to pay more attention to a certain fragment of the message.

Thus, we can say that those used in different options conjunctions differ in the way they reveal connections in expressions. In the case of a subordinate relationship, such types of relationships as concessional, conditional-effect and cause-and-effect take on an unambiguous form. Moreover, they are expressed by conjunctions “although”, “because”, “if”. A coordinating connection in a sentence allows you to use the same conjunction. It is represented by the connecting element “and”. But there are situations when the coordinating conjunctions “a” and “but,” which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a connotation of concession, condition, consequence, comparison and contrast. In expressions that have the form of an incentive, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in a subordinating clause is expressed by the elements “if (the particle “not” is allowed instead)... then.” Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.

Second difference

In complex constructions, coordinating connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures its task is to determine the relationships between members of a homogeneous sequence. Besides, in simple design the coordinating connection is included in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a widespread one. In multi-part structures, coordinating communication is more important.

Third difference

If we compare subordination and composition with non-union, then the last two types of connection have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. Thus, the coordinating connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. Coordinating communication is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relationships that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. In this case, various syntactic structures are created. Various combinations can be cited as examples of a conjunction service units speeches “and”, “here”, “a”, “well”, “therefore”, “therefore”, “means”. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.

Special cases

If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow one to fully study the relationships that exist in these sentences, then it is necessary to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, and phrases present in it. In addition, moods and tense forms can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of condition and consequence manifests itself more noticeably when there is an interaction between the imperative mood in the first sentence (in the case of a complex formulation, this means its main part) and other moods or other forms of tense found in the second element (in the subordinate clause).

Fourth difference

In complex sentences, the subordinating relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that there is likely to be a contradiction in the meaning of the subordinating conjunction, as well as its complete change. An example would be the connector "when". It is used in subordinating clauses. Its main value is the time indicator. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions or someone’s state, then this union can turn from temporary into investigative. When something is evaluated in a subordinate clause, trying to determine importance or significance, the “when” element acquires the target meaning. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

1. With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. Moreover, parts compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

1. With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
2. With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Subordinate clause type		Question	Means of communication	Example
Definitive			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin.
Explanatory		Cases	What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc.	Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of.
Circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all.
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them.
		Why? From what?	Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort.
	Consequences	What follows from this?		By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on.
		Under what conditions?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		For what? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only,	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? In spite of what?	Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc.	Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization.
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag.
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy.
	Connection		what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this	There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew.

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple sentences into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
• indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
• in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely represented in fiction) with various types communications. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

• Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
• Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
• Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
• In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, the syntactic lexical unit contains several grammatical stems, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Non-union designs

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:

• Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
• Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
• Binary connection simple elements into a polynomial complex structure in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

The non-union, like the allied coordinating connection, separates in a complete connection individual offers from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:

1. The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
2. When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.

Unionless designs are most often used for transmission large quantity information that is not always related in meaning.

Dividing marks in non-union formations

These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:

• Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
• When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
• The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
• When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
• In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.

Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Complex constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:

• Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
• In separating relationships, conjunctions are used that and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
• Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
• Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of connections- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections.

To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For example:

1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating conjunction and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.

A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: the turtle doves were murmuring nearby, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - coordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

3) subordination and non-union connection.

For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they had only recently begun to bloom, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so that is a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.

For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)

The outline of this proposal:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication

In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.

For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.

For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)

At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of ​​an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.

For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.

Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. However, at the same time, sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow. then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.

For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.

You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).

5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Create a proposal outline.

SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided

The parts of a complex sentence must be connected to each other using a coordinating or subordinating connection. What kind of connection is used in a complex sentence can be determined by the conjunction and some other important details. This is how they distinguish (SSP) and complex sentences (SPP).

To begin with, we should remember that a complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases that have a single semantic meaning. How these stems interact determines the type of sentence and the punctuation required.

For example, the sentence “I'll go for a walk” is simple, it has one grammatical basis. But if you add one more part to it (“I’ll go for a walk, but first I’ll do my homework”), you’ll get a SSP with two stems “I’ll go for a walk” and “I’ll do my homework,” where “but” acts as a coordinating conjunction.

What is coordinating communication? This is the interaction of two or more parts that are equal and independent of each other. Coordinating sentences are defined in two simple ways.

Necessary:

1. Asking a question from one grammatical basis to another is usually impossible in SSP: “The morning was cool, but I went for a bike ride.”
2. Try to divide the SSP into two separate sentences without losing the meaning: “The sun disappeared behind the hill, and the heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly” - “The sun went down” and “The heads of the sunflowers sadly drooped.” The meaning is not lost, but one sentence has turned into two separate ones.

Vivid examples can be found in Russian folklore: “The hair is long, but the mind is short”, “The woman dances, and the grandfather cries”, “The woman is with the cart, but the mare is lighter”; they are also found in descriptions of nature and texts of reflection.

Parts of the BSC are usually connected by conjunctions of the same name, which are divided into types: connecting (and, also, etc.), dividing (or, either, not that... not that, etc.) and adversative (but, but, but, etc.).

It is important to know! Coordinating connection can be used not only to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, but also to connect homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases.

Subordinating connection

If two or more grammatical stems are used, and they are not equal, but depend in some order on each other, then this is a complex sentence with.

An IPP necessarily has a main part and a subordinate clause, and from the first to the second you can ask a defining question.

For example, “Vasya went out for a walk because his mother started general cleaning" The main part “Vasya went out for a walk”, from it we ask the question “why did he do this?” and in the subordinate part the answer is “because mom started spring cleaning.”

The secondary or subordinate part can act as a circumstance, definition or addition.

This type of interaction can be defined:

1. By asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
2. By highlighting the grammatical basics and identifying the main one.
3. Determine the type of union.

In writing, such relationships between parts are highlighted by punctuation marks, and in oral speech- intonation pause.

Types of subordinating connections

In order to correctly parse a sentence into parts and determine the types of subordinating connections, it is necessary to correctly identify the main part and ask a question from it to the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause can be of several types:

1. The attribute answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
2. The indicative answers questions of indirect cases, i.e. everything except the nominative.
3. The adverbial answers the questions: where? Where? For what? where? Why? When? How?

Since the group of adverbial clauses is very large, subgroups are distinguished among them. Questions also help determine the species.

The adverbial adverbial clause is of the following types:

• time (when? how long?);
• places (where? where? from where?);
• reasons (why?);
• goals (for what? for what purpose?);
• mode of action and degree (how? to what extent? to what extent?);
• comparisons (how?);
• consequences (what follows from this?);
• conditions (under what condition?);
• concessions (in spite of what?).

Important! The type of subordinate clause is determined precisely by the question, and not by the type of subordinating conjunction or allied word. So, for example, the conjunctive word “where” can be used not only in adverbial clauses, but also in the attributive clause: “I’m rushing to that house (which one?) where I used to live.”

Types of communication in NGN

Since such a sentence often contains several subordinate clauses at once, it should also define subordinate relations:

• Consistent submission. Each subordinate clause refers to a word from the preceding clause ("I was humming a song I heard yesterday when we were walking in the park").
• Homogeneous submission. The structure resembles homogeneous members of a sentence. Subordinate clauses answer one question and refer to the same word in the main sentence, while subordinating conjunctions can be different (“After what happened, I didn’t understand how to live and what to do next, how to forget everything and start life again”). The placement of punctuation marks follows the same rule as punctuation for homogeneous members of a sentence.
• Parallel subordination. Subordinate clauses refer to the same main sentence, but answer different questions: “I was bored there, despite the crowd of people, because no one was interesting to me there.”

Important! There may also be sentences with combined subordination.

Subtleties of punctuation

It is equally important to know what punctuation marks should be placed in the SSP and SPP, because the parts are necessarily connected by a conjunction - an auxiliary part of speech that is not inflected, not conjugated and connects homogeneous members or simple sentences as part of a complex one. It is the conjunction that helps to understand what type of connection is used in the sentence.

Coordinating and subordinating connections in sentences involve the use of conjunctions of the same name. Moreover, any of them is necessarily highlighted by a comma on paper, and when reading – by an intonation pause.

Subordinating conjunctions include: what, how, so that, barely, only, when, where, from where, so much, to what extent, as if, as if, because, if, despite that, although, etc.

The coordinating connection in a sentence and phrase determines the use of conjunctions: and, yes, not only, also, but also, also, as ..., so, or, either, then, but, however, also, also, that is, etc.

But sentences can also be non-conjunctive, in which case its parts are separated not only by a comma (“The sun has risen, the roosters have begun their morning songs as usual”), but also by other punctuation marks:

• with a colon: “I told you: you can’t be late!”
• semicolon: “The stars lit up in the sky, filling the night with light; sensing the night, a wolf howled on a high hill in the distance; a night bird screamed nearby on a tree.”
• dash: “It’s pouring like buckets outside - it’s impossible to go out for a walk.”

Useful video

Let's sum it up

The presence of complex sentences makes written and oral speech bright and expressive. They can often be found in fiction and journalistic articles. The presence of complex structures allows a person to correctly and consistently express his thoughts, as well as show his level of literacy. Errors in punctuation, on the contrary, indicate low speech culture and illiteracy.

In this article we will look at what complex sentences with different types of connections are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to make it clear, let's start from afar.

What is a complex sentence?

In syntax, a sentence is words united by a common meaning and connected using the laws of grammar, having common theme, purpose of utterance and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, present some material. The idea can be expressed briefly, or it can be expanded. Accordingly, sentences can be laconic or widespread.

Every sentence has its “heart” - a grammatical basis, i.e. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it like, what is it?). If there is only one grammatical basis in a sentence, it is a simple sentence; if there are two or more, then it is complex.

(SP) may include two parts, three, four or even more. The relationships in meaning between them, as well as the means of connecting them with each other, can be different. There are complex union proposals and non-union proposals. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.

What are the types of joint ventures?

We have already begun to talk about the fact that joint ventures can be union or non-union. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation), then the connection between them is called union, and if only by intonation, then, accordingly, non-union.

In turn, conjunctive sentences are divided into coordinating and subordinating sentences - depending on whether their parts are in an “equal” position or one depends on the other.

Spring will come soon. This is a simple proposal. the world will sparkle with bright colors again. This sentence is complex, and its parts are connected by intonation and conjunction " When". We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors When? - when spring comes), which means it's Spring will come soon and nature will bloom. This sentence also has two parts, but they are united by intonation and a coordinating conjunction And. It is impossible to form a question between the parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is complex. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly in, it will become warm. This joint venture contains four simple parts, but they are all united only by intonation; there are no unions at the boundaries of the parts. This means it is non-conjunctive. In order to compose complex sentences with different types of connection, it would be necessary to combine both a conjunctive and a non-conjunctive connection in one sentence.

How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?

For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple and two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connections (we will see examples below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the proposal may be difficult to perceive. Such sentences combine conjunction and non-conjunction, coordinating and subordinating in any combination.

He was surprised; my head and chest were full of some strange feeling; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitably breaking through the stones, and falling with such force from a height that it seemed that the mountain, whose slopes were full of mountain flowers, could not withstand this pressure...

Here's a great example. Here are parts of complex sentences with different This sentence has 5 predicative parts, between which all possible types of connections are presented. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.

Conjunctive coordinating connection

Complex conjunction sentences are either compound sentences (CCS) or complex sentences (CCS).

A coordinating connection (CC) connects “equal” simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the BSC can easily be made into independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer or change.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of such sentences. and, a, but, or etc. The sea was rough and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..

Conjunctive subordination

With a subordinating connection (SC), as its name implies, one part of the sentence “subordinates” the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate) only complements, specifies something, you can ask a question about it from the main part. For subordinating connections, such conjunctions and allied words are used as what, who, when, which, because, if etc.

But it’s sad to think that our youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on it all the time, that it deceived us...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it’s sad to think (about what?) that it’s in vain..."

If you try to divide the SPP into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be clear that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without subordinate clauses, but the subordinate clauses become incomplete in their semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.

Non-union connection

Another type of joint venture is a non-union joint venture. A complex sentence with different types of connections most often combines a connection without conjunctions with one of the types of conjunctions or with both types at once.

The parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in conjunction sentences only one sign is placed between their parts - a comma, then in in this case You need to choose one of four punctuation marks: comma, semicolon, dash or colon. In this article we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of connections, exercises in their grammatically correct composition and punctuation.

The horses started moving, the bell rang, the wagon flew away(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts, connected by intonation and separated by commas.

So, we have briefly characterized each of the possible types of connection between parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.

Algorithm for parsing joint ventures with different types of communication

How to correctly arrange signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of connections? The most important thing is to determine how many parts there are and where exactly their boundaries lie. To do this you need to find the grammatical foundations. There are as many predicative parts as there are. Next, we highlight all the minor members related to each of the foundations, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and the other begins. After this, you need to determine what types of connections between the parts (look at the presence or absence of conjunctions, try to ask a question, or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).

And finally, all that remains is to correctly place the punctuation marks, because without them in writing it is very difficult to comprehend complex sentences with different types of connections (the exercises in the textbooks are precisely aimed at developing this skill).

How not to make a mistake in choosing punctuation marks?

Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Once the predicative parts are highlighted and the types of connections are established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rules relating to a specific type of communication.

Coordinating (CC) and subordinating relationships (CS) require a comma before the conjunction. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (in a coordinating connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas; a dash is possible if the parts are sharply opposed or one of them contains an unexpected result).

With a non-union connection, as mentioned above, one of four punctuation marks may appear, depending on the semantic relationship between the parts of the sentence.

Drawing up diagrams of complex sentences with different types of communication

This step can be performed before placing punctuation marks, or after, to check their correctness. Diagrams are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.

The diagram helps to write complex sentences with different types of connections without punctuation errors. We will give examples of punctuation marks and diagramming right now.

[The day was beautiful, sunny, surprisingly calm]; [a cozy shadow loomed on the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of the trees begins).

In this sentence, a non-union connection is easily traced between the first and second parts, a coordinating connection between the second and third, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected to them by a subordinate connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =,=,=]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Schemes of complex sentences with different types of connections can be horizontal and vertical. We have given an example of a horizontal diagram.

Let's sum it up

So, we have found out what complex sentences with different types of connections are (examples of them are very common in the works fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types syntactic connection. JVs with different types of communications may include SPP, SSP and BSP in various combinations. In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, you need to identify simple sentences within complex ones and determine the types of syntactic connections.

Be literate!

The topic of the lesson is “Complex sentences with different types of connections. The use of conjunction and non-conjunction connections in complex sentences.”

Today we will talk about offers with different types of communication; find out what these offers are; Let's find out some features of these proposals.

We already know a lot about complex sentences. In speech, we most often use simple sentences. For example:

-[the weather turned bad]. [We decided to hurry up].

But sometimes you have to link simple sentences into complex ones. A complex sentence is a sentence that has two or more grammatical stems. For example:

-[the weather turned bad], [we decided to hurry up].

-[the weather turned bad], And [we decided to hurry up].

-[the weather turned bad], (That's whywe decided to hurry up).

The means of communication of simple sentences may be different. We combine simple sentences into complex ones using intonation. If, apart from intonation, we do not use anything else, then such a sentence is called non-union (BSP). If, together with intonation, we use coordinating conjunctions, then the sentence is called a complex sentence (CCS). And if subordinating conjunctions are added to intonation, this is complex sentences(SPP).

However, there are times when we need to convey too much information in one sentence. In this case, for our purpose, none of the varieties of complex sentences is sufficient, so we need to turn to a polynomial sentence, that is, to an IPP with several subordinate clauses. But if we can add several subordinate clauses to one sentence, then what can prevent us from combining different types of connections in one sentence?

A complex sentence can combine different types of connections. Thanks to this, we can express information the way we want. Sentences with different types of connections are also called polynomial.

Let's create a sentence like this from simple sentences:

It started to rain. The drops drummed loudly on the glass. The house was warm and cozy. Grandfather lit the fireplace.

A polynomial sentence would look like this:

non-union connection coordinating connection subordinating connection

-[It started to rain]; [drops booming drummed on glass], but [in the house it was warm and cozy], (after all grandpa flooded fireplace).

It turns out to be a rather complex design. That is why sentences with different types of connection are also calledcomplex syntactic structures (SSK).

We have long been familiar with the types of communication in the SSC: these are coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive. In SSC, various combinations with different types of communication are possible. For example, a coordinating connection is often combined in the same sentence with a subordinating connection (essay + submission).

creative subordinating

1.[The clock struck],And [The bell rang to class], ( which everyone was met general joy).

subordinating creative

2.[So do I didn't tell], (Whatit was said at the meeting) And (Why interlocutors So gloomy). What?

(coordinating connection is used for homogeneous subordination, a comma before And not installed)

subordinating creative

3.(When we entered into the room), [ the conversation fell silent] And[on us looked very carefully].

(between the main clauses between the conjunction And there is no comma because the subordinate clause is common to both parts)

Let's make diagrams for these proposals:

[- =], and [= -], (which...).

[...ch.], (what...) and (why...).

(When...), [- =] and [- =].

A coordinating connection can be combined not only with a subordinating connection, but also with a non-union connection (essay + non-union).

asyndeton composition

[ It's warmer]; [on the fields appeared first shoot], And[the trees were shaken off branches from snow].

sentences are separated by meaning

[ = ]; [ = -], and [ - =].

asyndeton composition

[ Father taught son of painting] – [ son wanted to become sculptor], And[ his dream come true].

opposition, can be inserted A

[ - = ] - [ - = ], and [ - = ].

asyndeton composition

[We noticed]: Not only [the kids dressed up Christmas tree], but also[their parents with pleasure accepted participation].

complement relations, you can insert a conjunction What

[ - =]: not only [- =], but also [- =].

There is also a third combination of SSC: subordination + non-union.

asyndeton subordination

[ I accepted solution]: [ talk with a friend], ( WhenI'll see his).

relationships explanations, can be inserted namely

[- = ]: […], (when…).

subordination asyndeton

(Although on the street the sun was burning),[near the lake it was cold]; [dived with a splash ducks, /blissful in the water/].

Sentence 3 has its own punctuation (verb)

Despite what?

(Although…), […]; [= -, /p.o./].

asyndeton subordination

[An avalanche rumbled] – [heavy groan the mountain responded],(on the slopes whichwent to bed unliftable heaviness snow).

abrupt change of events

[= -] - [= -], (...which...).

Finally, we can combine all three types of communication in one sentence: composition + submission + non-union.

the second part explains the meaning of the first, you can insert namely.

asyndeton subordination

[The dream has changed]: [Now she walked along a dark corridor], ( which all was hung paintings), And[from these pictures she is watched closely and sharply eyes were watching portraits]. composition

[- = ]: [...noun], (which...), and [... O and O = -].

subordination asyndeton

(When inside the car it creaked And rumbled),[ the driver hit on the brakes]; [ He cheerfully dived under the hood, /advising us to wait/]; But [We at all didn't protest against unexpected stopping]. composition

Sentence 3 has its own punctuation (adverbial phrase)

(When...O and O), [- =]; [...,ch, /d.o./]; but [- =].

In SSC, one of the types of communication is usually the main one. Let's return to the proposal:

main type of communication

-[It started to rain]; [drops drummed loudly on the glass], But[the house was warm and cozy], ( after all grandfather lit the fireplace). least important

(the main one here is the non-union connection, the first part of the sentence is the most independent, followed by the coordinating connection. And, finally, the least important type of connection is the subordinating connection).

The main type of connection can be determined by dividing a complex structure into blocks. For example, in our proposal we can distinguish two main blocks: 1 block will include parts 1 and 2, connected using a non-union connection; Block 2 will include parts 3 and 4.

1 block 2 block

-[[It started to rain]; [drops drummed loudly on the glass]], But[[the house was warm and

cosy], ( after all grandfather lit the fireplace)].

Remember that you should not get carried away with complex sentences in your speech. After all, due to overly complex structures, speech looks overloaded, confusing, and incomprehensible. Let's consider the proposal:

-[Yesterday we were at the museum at an exhibition of paintings by a contemporary artist]; [of course I don't particularly like modern art], But[my friend persuaded me to go], ( because believes), ( What we must raise our cultural level); And[I was not disappointed]: [the scenery was magnificent], A[the marvelous still lifes were amazing]; ( When we got to the portraits) – [there was no limit to delight]...

(there are 10 parts in the sentence, in which all three types of connections are present. But this does not give the sentence expressiveness, does not make it more understandable. It looks scary. It is better to avoid such constructions in speech).

So, polynomial complex sentence - This is a complex sentence that combines different types of communication. Such sentences are also called complex syntactic constructions (CSCs). In these sentences, types of communication can be combined as follows:

Essay + submission.

Essay + non-union.

Subordination + non-union.

Essay + submission + non-union.

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.

For example: Ahead of us, a brown, clayey bank descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.

Simple sentences within a complex sentence do not have intonation and semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.

Difficult sentence is closely related to the simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.

Therefore, determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.

The structural difference is obvious: a complex sentence is a grammatically formed combination of sentences (parts), somehow adapted to each other, whereas a simple sentence is a unit functioning outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonation interconnectedness, as well as interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the volume of messages they convey.

A simple unextended sentence reports one single situation.

For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; It's getting dark; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.

Difficult sentence reports about several situations and the relationships between them or (a specific case) about one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the speaker.

For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I'm afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.

Thus, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and the relationships between them.

Depending on the way simple sentences are connected as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means connections: conjunctions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).

Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, or, then... then etc. Parts of a complex sentence are semantically equivalent, as a rule.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions what, so, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express different meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.

As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses (or, what is the same, the main and subordinate parts) are distinguished.

Subordinate clause the part of a complex sentence that contains a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive pronominal word is called; The main sentence is that part of a complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or correlated).

In the schemes of non-union and complex sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence in the complex is also indicated, and subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. Diagrams indicate means of communication and punctuation marks.

For example:

1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three longboats were visible in the distance.

, . – non-union complex sentence (BSP).

2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.

I. – complex sentence (CSS).

3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to reap rye.

, (What...). – complex sentence (SPP).

A special group of complex sentences consists of sentences with different types of connections.

For example: Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard.(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and subordination.

The scheme of this sentence: , (which...), and, (which...).

Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.

Main Differences boil down to the following.

In a complex sentence, a sharp line cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be formalized by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.

Composition And subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of detecting the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (essay) conveys these relations in a less dismembered form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.

So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessional, cause- or conditional-effect relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of conjunctions although, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be formalized by the same connecting conjunction and.

For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and it was light, the winter dream was blown away, and spring began to hum in the forest(Block); Winter is like a magnificent funeral. Leave your home outside, Add some currants to the twilight, Douse with wine - that’s kutya(Parsnip); We didn’t bother with the child - and he doesn’t know music(V. Meyerhold).

Likewise, adversative conjunctions A And But can formalize concessionary relations: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he's a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm may cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know you are saying all this in irritation, and therefore I am not angry with you(Chekhov); comparative: You should laugh until you drop at my antics, and you are on guard(Chekhov).

When prompted, disjunctive conjunctions can formalize a conditional meaning, within the framework of a subordinating connection, expressed by the conjunction if (not)... then: You get married or I'll curse you(Fluff.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give her a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relationships expressed, composition and the subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, close interaction is revealed between them.

2)The coordinating connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence it is associated with the expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purposes of expanding and complicating the message; in a complex sentence, composition is one of two types of syntactic connections that organize such a sentence itself.

3) Composition and subordination relate differently to non-unionism.

The essay is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of composition, compared with the possibilities of subordination, are weaker, and from this point of view, composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.

An essay is both a syntactic and a lexical method of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.

Further specification and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union - based on the general semantics of the connected sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are assumed by the relationships between types, tense forms and inclinations.

Thus, the conditional consequential meaning in sentences with the conjunction And is revealed more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily, perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense in the second: Experience consistency in good deeds, and then only call a person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).

If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable conjunctions with them ( and so, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore and, and therefore, and means, and therefore, therefore and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relationships between sentences.

4) At the same time the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less clear than in the phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences as part of a complex remains outside the revealing capabilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.

So, for example, in complex sentences with the conjunction When, if there is a message about emotional reactions or states in the main sentence, elements of causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force against the background of the actual temporary meaning: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] I am worried and offended by rudeness, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, soft enough, kind enough(Chekhov); The native, ocher-painted train station appeared. My heart sank sweetly when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).

If the content of the subordinate clause is assessed from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporary meaning is complicated by the target one: Sweet things like this are said when they want to justify their indifference(Chekhov). In other cases, with an alliance When comparative values ​​are found ( No one has ever gotten up when I was completely ready. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is there when he’s just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).

The third type of connection in a complex sentence is often distinguished non-union connection .

However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between non-conjunct sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite relationship of predicate forms ( If I didn’t invite him, he would be offended; If a true friend had been nearby, the trouble would not have happened), non-union is not a grammatical connection.

Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union is impossible, although in semantic terms a very definite correlation is established between different types of non-union, complex and complex sentences.

So, for example, by the nature of the relations, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor within the other ( I hear someone knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, from the point of view of certain accompanying circumstances ( What snow there was, I was walking!, i.e. (when I was walking)). The relationships that develop between sentences in the absence of a conjunction can receive ungrammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of allied types, especially complex ones.

The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation, and often substantive (informative) completeness; Such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.

As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:

firstly, here the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which relates to the plane of reality or unreality the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole;

secondly, in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, conjunctions (primarily subordinating ones) can take an active part, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;

thirdly, and finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings, which are very often contained in the conjunctions themselves and in their analogues, is revealed.

A feature of sentences that are part of a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. Mutual adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex sentence can manifest itself in the order of words, mutual restrictions on types, forms of tense and mood, and in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means to indicate this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of complex sentences.

THEORY task 14.

Algorithm for completing task No. 14

• Find the grammatical basics, make sure that the given sentence is complex. It must contain at least two grammatical bases. Do not forget that sentences can be one-part, so there is not always a subject at the base. The main thing is that the sentences are talking about something different.
• If there are no conjunctions between simple sentences, then this is non-union connection. This is the simplest type of connection of sentences in a complex one.
• If there are coordinating conjunctions between simple ones, then this is conjunctional coordinating connection. Remember coordinating conjunctions.
• If simple ones are connected by subordinating conjunctions, then this is conjunctive subordination. Do not forget that the subordinate clause can come before the main clause, then look for the conjunction at the beginning of the sentence. The subordinate clause may be in the middle of the main clause, then the answer will have two numbers indicating commas. Remember the types of subordinating conjunctions.

Example.

The private appeared at the battery with good news: he saw how the Nazis were driven out of Krasnaya Polyana.

Sample reasoning

• I find the grammatical bases: THE PRIVATE APPEARED, HE SAW, THEY KNOCKED OUT. There are three grammatical bases in this sentence.
• There is a colon between the first and second sentences, there are no conjunctions - this non-union connection.
• The second and third sentences are connected by the conjunction HOW, this is a subordinating conjunction, so there is a subordinating conjunction here.
• I conclude: this proposal I’m writing the number of this particular sentence if there is a task: find complex with non-union and allied subordination.

PRACTICE

Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with a non-union and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Rain flooded the forest; Boiling lakes formed at the edge of the forest where Gorbunov was located. (2) The branches of the trees trembled under the weight of the water falling on them. (3) In the darkened, distorted air, the German fortifications were no longer visible. (4) But the enemy’s shelling did not subside. (5) Bluish, ghostly pillars of explosions rushed about in the dark depths of the downpour; flashes of fire ran across the field. (Beryozko G.)

(1) Having dressed and throwing his coat over his shoulders, the general went out into the garden adjacent to the house. (2) It was beginning to get light; leafless, low apple trees with twisted branches crowded in the gray air. (3) The commander slowly walked along the soggy path to a low fence. (4) The garden was located on the edge of a hill, and from here the half-flooded road that went around it was dimly visible - three tractors trudged there, dragging heavy long-barreled guns. (5) The commander - tall, corpulent, in a spacious coat - looked from above. (6) The cars roared, gasping, and crimson fire burst from the exhaust pipe. (Beryozko G.)

Among sentences 1-7, find a complex sentence with a non-union and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The rain went to the west, but the forest became dark again. (2) From the east, a blue cloud filled half the sky floated in, and the white trunks of birch trees stood out brightly against its background. (3) Gorbunov looked through binoculars, kneeling near a tree. (4) Ulanov sat down a few steps from the commander. (5) He saw: across the field, far ahead, people were crawling, difficult to distinguish from here, because they were slightly lighter than the ground. (6) Nikolai knew that a combined group was moving to reinforce the third company. (7) Impatiently awaiting further events, he was even annoyed that the attack was not happening quickly enough. (Beryozko G.)

Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The guys crawled all over the island in search of unmelted snow. (2) Seryozha Koltov was lucky enough to find in the crevices between the rocks the remains of last year’s snow, compacted like ice. (3) Secretly from Petrovich, Seryozha was lowered on a rope, he chopped the snow with an ax and sent it up in a bucket. (4) Climbing rocks in a stormy wind was dangerous. (5) Petrovich categorically forbade doing this, but the guys secretly brought buckets of last year’s snow to Ilyinichna. (6) She grumbled, threatened to complain to the foreman, but did not refuse the snow: she had to prepare dinner. (Vurdov N.)

Among sentences 1-7, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The days are warm. (2) Spring coolness is in the air. (3) The taiga is majestic and calm, but this is only apparent calm: a huge amount of work is going on inside every tree, every bush. (4) Day and night, the roots with all their lobes suck moisture from the ground, abundantly filled with recently melted snow. (5) The snow-white lambs on the alders have already fluffed up, the earrings on the alders have turned yellow, although the roots still lie under the snow. (6) There are no greenery or flowers on the tiny lawns yet, but even here there is tireless activity. (7) It’s good these May days in the taiga! (Fedoseev G.)

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Non-union designs

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:

• Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
• Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
• A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:

1. The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
2. When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.

Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.

Dividing marks in non-union formations

These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:

• Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
• When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
• The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
• When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
• In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.

Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Complex constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:

• Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
• In separating relationships, conjunctions are used that and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
• Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
• Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

Non-conjunction sentences with coordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which in structure and semantic relationships between their parts are identical to complex sentences. These two types of sentences differ from each other only in the presence or absence of a connecting conjunction (a connecting conjunction can be substituted into non-union sentences, and, on the contrary, removed from a complex sentence).

Structurally, such non-conjunctive sentences can potentially consist of an unlimited number of predicative parts, therefore they are called open non-conjunctive complex sentences (or non-conjunctive sentences of open structure).

An open non-union sentence, consisting of several equal parts, names and lists a number of sequential or simultaneous events or phenomena:

The moon stands over a transparent mountain, The surrounding area is bathed in an uncertain light, A row of cypress trees are lined up, Their shadows run into the unknown (V. Ya. Bryusov)

Such non-conjunctive complex sentences are formed with a monotonous enumerative intonation, that is, all parts of the sentence are intonated equally. In addition, all parts of the non-union sentence are united by one leading topic. The order of the parts of a non-union sentence is free, that is, you can easily swap parts.

Non-conjunction sentences with subordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which both in structure and in semantic relationships between parts are identical to complex sentences. Such non-conjunction sentences consist of only two parts and are called closed non-conjunction complex sentences (or closed structure non-conjunction sentences).

The fixed (not free) order of arrangement of the two parts of a closed non-conjunct sentence helps to establish semantic relationships between these predicative parts, that is, when rearranging the parts of a non-conjunct sentence, the semantic relationships between them change or the sentence as a whole is destroyed. For example, in the sentence I was late: the car broke down, the second part of a complex sentence tells the reason, and in the sentence The car broke down - I was late, the second part is a consequence of what is reported in the first part.

Parts of such a complex sentence are formed by explanatory intonation (one part explains the other) or contrastive intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a very high tone, the second by a lower tone). Intonation depends on the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence in oral speech, and the choice of punctuation mark (colon or dash) in writing.

Between the parts of closed non-union complex sentences, Various types semantic relations, that is, the semantic role of the subordinate part in relation to the main part is determined. The following varieties can be distinguished: Material from the site

1. An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the first part contains supporting words - verbs that require addition, explanation, distribution, which is the content of the second part: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me (M. Yu. Lermontov).
2. An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the second part reveals, specifies, explains the content of the first part (often a separate word or word combination of the first part): The whole city there is like this: a swindler sits on a swindler and drives the swindler (N .V. Gogol).
3. A non-union sentence of justification and reason is a non-union complex sentence, the second part of which contains the justification or reason for what is said in the first part: I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here! (A.S. Pushkin). I am sad: there is no friend with me (A.S. Pushkin).
4. A non-union sentence with a predicative construction of a consequence is a non-union sentence, the second part of which is a consequence of the action named in the first part of the sentence. Some non-union sentences with a causal predicative construction can be turned into sentences with an investigative predicative construction. To do this, it is enough to swap the predicative constructions: I opened the window: it was stuffy (reason). It was stuffy - I opened the window (consequence).
5. An adversarial non-union sentence is a sentence in the second part of which a sharp opposition is expressed to what is said in the first part: I knew about poetry from the very beginning - I knew nothing about prose (A. A. Akhmatova).

Opposition in a non-union complex sentence is often associated with negation:

Not for the songs of spring over the plain The green expanse is dear to me - I fell in love with the longing of a crane On a high mountain a monastery (S. A. Yesenin)

Many non-union sentences are characterized by polysemy of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence; these relationships often defy unambiguous interpretation: the boundaries between different meanings blurry and not clear enough.

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search

Among sentences 44–53, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this
offers.

(44) Bitterness and not very clear resentment soon left Anna Fedotovna. . .
(45) In the evening, the granddaughter, as usual, read her son’s letter to her, but Anna
Fedotovna suddenly said:
- (46) He didn’t want something, but they threatened and frightened him.
(47) Tanya! (48) Look in the box!
“(49) No,” Tanya said quietly. – (50) And the funeral is in place, and
photographs, but no letters.
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes, listened intently,
but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her. (52) He faded away, died,
died a second time, and now is lost forever. (53) Letters using her
blindness, they were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now she is blind and
Not only she, but also her soul became deaf...

Among sentences 1–6, find a complex sentence
with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this
offers.

“(1) Grandma, this is for you,” Tanechka said, entering the apartment
accompanied by two girls and one serious boy. (2)Blind
Anna Fedotovna stood on the threshold of the kitchen, not seeing, but knowing for sure that
the children shyly huddle at the threshold.
– (3) Go into the room and tell us what business you came for, –
she said.
– (4) Your granddaughter Tanya said that your son was killed in the war and that
he wrote letters to you. (5) And we took the initiative: “There are no unknown heroes.”
(6) And she also said that you were blinded by grief.

Should I explain what this complex proposal with the non-union and
conjunctional coordinating connection? And a complex sentence
with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses. And how to distinguish Complex Sentences from Compound Sentences?

Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection between parts: 53

Complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: 4

A complex sentence with different types of connection is a complex sentence consisting of several grammatical stems, two of which, for example, are connected by a non-conjunctive connection, and the third is attached to them by a coordinating connection. For example: Taking advantage of her blindness, the letters were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now not only she, but also her soul has become blind and deaf... Explanation: The first grammatical basis - the predicate was taken out, the second grammatical basis also - this predicate was taken out . There is no union between them, there is a dash, that is, it is a non-union connection. And then comes the third gram. the base (subjects she and soul, predicate deaf), and it joins the second with the coordinating conjunction and. Thus, in this sentence there are two types of connection - non-conjunctive and coordinating.

A complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is when subordinate clauses refer to the same word in the main word or to the entire main thing. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected to each other without conjunctions and with the help of conjunctions and, and, but. Example: Your granddaughter Tanya said that your son was killed in the war and that he wrote letters to you. The subordinate clauses: that your son was killed in the war and that he wrote letters to you refer to the same word in the main part - she said. And they are united by the union and.

Compound sentences are sentences consisting of two or more grams. bases connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, etc. The parts of a compound sentence are equal in rights and can be used without each other.

Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more grams. bases connected by subordinating conjunctions what, how, when, where, because, etc. The parts of a complex sentence are unequal and cannot be used without each other, since the subordinate part depends on the main one.