To competently organize the process of loading and unloading, you need a good know the rules for performing these works. Indeed, its safety during transportation depends on how reliably the cargo is secured during loading. The unloading process also has great importance, because ignoring safety rules can lead to injury to workers and damage to the load. The main conditions for organizing loading and unloading are specified in the Charter road transport.
Work organization rules
The carrier is responsible for providing transport that is suitable for the carriage of a particular cargo. The customer can refuse transport that does not comply with the application and safety standards. According to the Charter, the consignor is responsible for loading and securing goods, and the consignee is responsible for removing fastenings and unloading. A different distribution of responsibilities can be specified in the contract.
The parties have the opportunity to draw up an agreement in the form of a separate document or make additions regarding loading and unloading into the main contract of carriage. If you plan to transport by road on a long-term basis, it is best to indicate the responsibilities for loading and unloading in the annex to the contract.
The basic rules for performing work are as follows:
- the shipper is responsible for maintaining the loading points in proper condition;
- changes in the design of the transport by the customer can be carried out only with the consent of the carrier;
- if the load weighs more than 50 kilograms, then mechanical means must be used;
- cargo should not protrude above the level of the sides;
- heavier loads should be placed at the bottom;
- it is necessary to securely fasten the load to avoid falls, abrasions and shifts;
- the load should not be higher than 4 meters from the road level.
Work instructions
Movers carrying out must undergo in-depth instructions. Working conditions are discussed in advance. Before starting loading, you should make sure that the transport is in good order and that it meets the requirements for the carriage of a specific cargo. The equipment used must be of sufficient strength. Responsibility for the suitability of the cargo for commercial purposes lies with the shipper. .
If the driver discovers errors in loading, then he must inform the consignor about this. If the customer refuses to correct the shortcomings, the driver may refuse to travel, motivating his decision by the fact that the shipper does not comply with safety rules. Refusal is made in writing with detailed argumentation.
The work should be organized in accordance with GOST 12.3.002, GOST 12.3.009, GOST 12.3.020. Basic instructions are specified in the Interindustry OSH Code of Practice. The whole range of measures boils down to the fact that the work must be carried out in such a way as to minimize the risks of injury and damage to the cargo.
Video: "Instructions for loading and unloading operations"
Work safety requirements
For the safe conduct of work, you must adhere to the following requirements:
- complex work must be automated;
- when laying out the load in rows, the width of the aisles must be at least 1 meter;
- the height of the shelves should not be more than 1.6 meters;
- it is forbidden to carry weights on stairs without handrails;
- walkways and driveways should not be obstructed;
- when using lifting equipment, an alarm should be used;
- working on slippery or damaged floors is prohibited.
Most of the work must be done mechanically.... This will reduce the time and risk associated with loading and unloading. The order of performance of work is indicated in the normative and technical documents. If loading and unloading is carried out manually, then you should adhere to the maximum standards.
| Method of work execution | Rate per person, kg |
|---|---|
| 1.Working on a flat surface: | |
| men | maximum 50 |
| women | maximum 10 |
| adolescents 16-18 years old male | maximum 16 |
| adolescents 16-18 years old female | maximum 10 |
| 2. Moving the load on a cart on a flat surface (excluding the weight of the cart) | |
| men | maximum 200 |
| women | maximum 100 |
For the correct organization of the loading and unloading process, you should familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for the performance of work. Ignorance of safety regulations can lead to disastrous consequences. To ensure safety, it is necessary to automate the loading and unloading process as much as possible.
Loading and unloading is a process that is associated with many risks for busy personnel, drivers and even environment if it comes to hazardous substances Oh. Therefore, the prescribed rules should be strictly adhered to when lifting, moving and stowing loads.
Before starting work
The chief of the brigade checks the serviceability of the lifting equipment and equipment. The flooring and platforms on which the work is carried out must be level, without potholes, protruding nails and other protruding objects. Passages are freed from unnecessary objects, they must comply with the standards. If the floor is slippery, sand or slag is sprinkled over it to prevent personnel or goods from falling.
The vehicle is also inspected. Its body must be in good working order, without protruding sharp corners, nails and other defects - this leads to damage to the packaging and accidents.
General rules
Loading and unloading operations are performed mechanically if the weight of the goods exceeds 50 kg, and the lifting height is 2 meters or more. With a mass of 50 to 80 kg, a loader can carry it without the use of lifting mechanisms if other people lift and remove weights.
Workers, drivers are given dust-proof goggles and respirators and other personal protective equipment, if this is due to the properties of the cargo.
Items are taken only from the top row of the pile, the heap. Objects that are rolling should be held by the loader in front of him and moved forward. Cargoes in barrels, drums are moved manually by rolling to a warehouse located on the same level with the floor of a car body. If the warehouse is lower, use slopes or slopes. The work is performed by two people, provided that the weight of the load does not exceed 80 kg.
According to safety requirements, the packing of piece goods is carried out tightly, without gaps, in order to prevent displacement. The voids are filled with spacers or other materials.
The goods packed in boxes are carefully inspected. There should be no protruding nails, sharp ends, or other defects that could injure the skin from their surface. If deficiencies are found, then they are eliminated - hammered, removed, etc.
Heavy piece materials packed in boxes are moved using special crowbars or other similar accessories.
The sides of the body are closed and opened by at least two workers, first checking the correctness and safety of the location of the cargo. Semi-trailers are loaded from the front and unloaded from the rear. This will prevent the vehicle from overturning. If boxes or bales are removed from the top tier of the stack, make sure that the load that is nearby is stable and will not fall.
Warehousing is carried out according to technological maps... In such a guide, places, dimensions of aisles, driveways are indicated, other details are specified.
Rules for working with some cargo
Loading and unloading of dusty and burning products is carried out by means of mechanization.
Dusty goods are transported in open bodies covered with tarpaulins or mats to avoid spraying. Work is carried out in overalls, respirators. Gas masks with a filter can also be distributed to unload bleach.
Overalls are regularly dedusted. The filter in the respirator is changed as it gets dirty, but at least once per shift. Workers engaged in loading dusty cargo are given rest, during which respirators are removed.
Burning and corrosive liquids
Products in glass containers are carried on stretchers adapted for this, as well as on wheeled vehicles - carts, wheelbarrows. Their platforms should have nests corresponding to the diameter of the container, with walls lined with soft materials (for example, felt) and doors with locks. Glassware with liquid caustic products is placed in wicker or wooden baskets and shifted with straw or wood shavings. The burning and corrosive liquids are loaded and unloaded by two loaders.
Before filling products into containers - tanks, bottles, barrels, etc. - they are first inspected. If damage is identified, then additional precautions are taken to prevent injury to the driver and loaders, and to avoid an emergency during transportation.
Gas cylinders
The cylinders must pass technical examination and comply with the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels in terms of design, use, and labeling. Compressed gas valves are closed with metal caps.
Packaged cylinders are transported on special trolleys that protect them from shaking and impacts. In horse-drawn transport there are nests upholstered with soft material corresponding to the diameter of the vessels.
According to safety measures when stowing cargo, cylinders are placed only horizontally. When loading in more than one row, use gaskets that prevent the containers from hitting each other. Transport in an upright position only with the use of special racks.
Large cargo
For these goods, mechanisms are used, and when manual way- solid rolling and at least two loaders are required. In this case, the following requirements are fulfilled:
- securely attach them to the trailer;
- do not load above the racks.
When unloading panel transporters, the panels are lifted smoothly, without jerks and jerks.
Dangerous goods
Such goods and the containers intended for them are accepted for carriage in accordance with the strict requirements of regulatory enactments.
The vehicle is loaded to the volumes that are specified in the instructions of the manufacturer of such a product. Packaged goods are handled with care, avoiding jolts or impacts, pressure. If mechanization means are used, they must not spark or damage the container.
The car engine is turned off, the driver is removed from the loading and unloading areas. This rule does not apply if the mechanisms installed on the vehicle must be used for draining or lifting.
Work is carried out at specially equipped posts located no closer than 125 m to residential and industrial buildings, warehouses, and 50 m - to the main roads. V winter time the territory is sprinkled with sand.
No more than one vehicle is loaded or unloaded at a time. During this period, there should be no strangers on the site. Flammable and explosive goods must not be placed or removed from the vehicle during a thunderstorm. Personnel employed at this stage are provided with personal protective equipment.
Dangerous goods drums are moved only on special pads, ladders or floorings. Glass bottles are transported on special trolleys. If there are no such mechanisms, then baskets are used, having previously checked the strength of the bottom and handles.
Refueling of vehicles carrying flammable or explosive products is carried out at a special site, at least 25 m away from the territory of the gas station.
Shipments in damaged containers are not accepted for loading. Products with different kinds dangers often react with each other. Therefore, when loading dissimilar hazardous substances, make sure that this is permitted by ADR and the markings on the packaging.
If part of the dangerous cargo has entered the body of a vehicle or container, clean up as soon as possible.
When transporting substances with increased risks, the route specified in waybill... If a leak or spillage of the product is found on the road, the driver stops the car and acts in accordance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
In the parking lot, use the handbrake. At night or in poor visibility, lights with an orange glow (constant or flashing) are displayed in front of and behind the vehicle at a distance of 10 meters.
Safety measures when stowing and unloading cargo
During the execution of the task, the slinger should be outside the danger zone, do not stand under the load. The employee must:
- inspect the place where the work is being carried out, make sure that the probability of falling, sliding, overturning of the moved objects is excluded;
- if necessary, form a place for unloading by laying pads on the ground, which will make it more convenient to remove the slings;
- lower loads only to the specified place;
- remove fasteners only after secure installation and fastening of the received item.
According to safety requirements, when stowing goods, they are placed so that it is convenient and safe to sling. Loading is carried out on a reinforced transport in order to prevent its displacement.
Guys are used only to keep the load from turning, pulling or swinging it is prohibited.
What not to do
When loading and unloading operations, it is prohibited:
- leave the load or lifting devices raised during breaks or at the end of work;
- put hot food in wooden containers;
- transfer burning liquids without special devices;
- carry hazardous substances on your back, shoulder or in front of you;
- be near dangerous goods, vehicles with an open flame;
- do not clean the body from the remnants of the previous product, especially if it belongs to the hazardous category;
- to be in front of roll-and-barrel loads or behind them, rolling along the slopes, to carry on the shoulder;
- obstruct the cabin doors with transported items;
- fasten long loads, bunks, standing on them;
- use faulty equipment, inventory;
- smoke in loading and unloading areas, in the cab, and not in designated areas;
- load and unload hazardous substances in in public places cities and villages, if there is no permission from the relevant authorities.
The rules prohibit placing goods on pipes, cables, temporary ceilings, installing at an angle to the walls of buildings and fences.
It is unacceptable to transport loaders and freight forwarders in the back of vehicles. People should be exclusively in the cockpit. This is possible only if low-hazard goods are transported - Construction Materials, consumer products, food, vegetables. But then, in that part of the car, comfortable and safe seating is provided.
When transporting dangerous goods, it is unacceptable to transport people in transport who are not related to the performance of this work.
After finishing work
After completion of loading or unloading, remove workplace. Technical means, which were used for this, are put in order and deposited. After working with hazardous products, sites, work areas, equipment, personal protective equipment are disinfected with special means.
If during the performance of work there were malfunctions, non-compliance with safety standards, then such facts are reported to the manager.
It is not only the management of the company that should be interested in observing the safety instructions, which, if accidents are detected, expect numerous checks. This is in the interests of the employee himself. Observing the established norms, he preserves health - the most valuable resource he owns.
From damage and deterioration. Let's take a closer look at these rules.
The type and number of vehicles required for implementation is determined by the carrier, depending on the nature and volume of traffic.
The carrier must ensure the timely delivery of a serviceable vehicle suitable for transportation in accordance with () and meeting all sanitary standards. If the carrier has submitted a transport that does not meet the previously agreed conditions, then the shipper has the right to reject it.
Control over the timely arrival of rolling stock for loading, regulation of its placement, accounting for loading, the use of free vehicles, accounting for the time of arrival and departure of vehicles is performed by the Carrier or the Customer, depending on the accepted transportation scheme.
Before loading semi-trailers, box-type trailers, containers and tank trucks, the Customer is obliged to check the suitability of the rolling stock for the carriage of goods. If damage is found that may affect the integrity or quality of the cargo during transportation, the Customer has the right to refuse to load the cargo into this rolling stock.
When loading and unloading in cargo points, the following types of arrangement of vehicles can be used:
- side spread- loading and unloading is carried out through the side board of vehicles;
- end spacing a - loading and unloading are carried out through the rear side of the vehicle;
- oblique arrangement- loading and unloading is carried out simultaneously through the rear and side walls of the vehicle.
Loading, securing, sheltering, lashing and unloading the vehicle, removing fasteners and coverings must be performed by the Customer.
Opening and closing the hatches of tankers, turning on or off pumps, manipulating the hose, which are installed on the truck, must be performed by the driver.
The carrier, in agreement with the Customer, can undertake the performance of loading and unloading operations. The driver can be involved in these works only with his consent. The driver, when loading, can take cargo from the side of the car, and when unloading, he can deliver it on board the car.
If the Carrier has taken upon itself the performance of loading and unloading, he is responsible for the safety of the cargo while performing these works.
The customer must maintain the loading and unloading areas, as well as access roads to them, in proper condition.
Additional equipment of trucks for the transportation of a specific cargo can be produced by the Customer only by agreement with the Carrier.
Loading and unloading operations with loads, the mass of which exceeds 50 kg and it is necessary to lift loads to a height of more than 2 m, must be carried out with the use of mechanization tools ().
When loading in bulk, the cargo should not rise above the level of the sides. If necessary, the main sides need to be increased, but the total height of the rolling stock with cargo should not be more than 4 meters from the road surface, otherwise this cargo will be considered.
The load should be placed and secured in such a way as to exclude their falling, dragging, or the possibility of injury to accompanying persons.
Piece loads exceeding the level of the sides of the body in height should be tied with strong serviceable rigging (ropes, ropes). It is forbidden to bind goods with metal ropes and wires.
Boxes, barrels and other piece goods must be loaded in such a way as to prevent the possibility of their displacement during sudden braking, starting off, as well as on sharp turns. For this, it is forbidden to leave gaps between them. They must be filled with wood spacers and spacers of appropriate strength and length.
Straw, wood chips or other materials are placed between fragile goods (glass, ceramic products, enamel and aluminum dishes, etc.) that can protect them from damage and damage.
Loading of cargo from special ("Caution", "Glass", "Do not throw", "Top", "Do not turn over") should be performed with particular care. They must be placed in the body in such a way that these inscriptions are visible during unloading.
When loading light and heavy loads into a car, heavy loads should be placed at the bottom, and light ones at the top. must be evenly distributed between the trailer and the vehicle.
The driver is obliged to check the fastening of the cargo on the rolling stock in order to ensure the safety of the cargo, the vehicle and traffic safety conditions. In case of revealing any shortcomings in securing and placing the cargo, the driver is obliged to inform the Customer about this. The consignor is obliged, at the request of the driver, to eliminate all deficiencies identified by him.
The driver must also check that the dimensions of the cargo correspond to the dimensions indicated in.
The customer is obliged to monitor compliance with labor protection legislation, as well as safety standards during loading and unloading operations. He bears full responsibility for the consequences of failure to comply with these laws. If, according to the contract, the loading and unloading operations are carried out by the Carrier, then all obligations to comply with the law and responsibility for the consequences of their failure lie with him.
The time of arrival of the rolling stock for loading is set from the moment when the driver at the loading point submitted, and the time of arrival of the car for unloading - from the moment the driver presents (the waybill) at the point of unloading.
These are the basic rules for loading and unloading goods, the observance of which will save you from various negative consequences.
To carry out loading and unloading operations with goods transported by vehicles (hereinafter referred to as cars or vehicles), shippers and consignees must have loading and unloading areas with access roads to them, ensuring unhindered passage and maneuvering of vehicles, as well as the ability to work in the dark days with proper lighting of workplaces.
Loading and unloading areas should be equipped with devices for loading and unloading cargo; ensure compliance with fire, sanitary and hygienic and environmental standards; ensure the safety of cargo and the safety of personnel working at these sites; have, if necessary, weighing and other equipment to determine the mass and quality of the transported cargo, as well as telephone and other types of communication.
Loading of cargo on a vehicle, securing, lashing and covering of cargo, opening and closing the sides of the platform of a vehicle, hatches of a tanker, lowering and removing hoses from the hatches of a tanker, screwing and unscrewing hoses at loading points is carried out by the consignor; unloading of goods, removal of fasteners and cargo shelters, as well as the performance of the above operations with the sides of the vehicle platform, hatches and hoses of tankers at unloading points is carried out by the consignee.
The carrier must control the specified processes of loading, securing and placing cargo in the body of a vehicle, closing sides (hatches), etc. carried out by the consignor. cargo with reimbursement of the corresponding costs by the consignor.
In the event of a disagreement between the carrier and the consignor on the reliability of the installation and securing of the cargo, the consignor must provide documentary evidence of security with the signature of his competent authorized person and sealed by the seal.
Before starting the movement and along the route, the driver is obliged, if there is an objective possibility, to control the placement, fastening and condition of the cargo in the car body in order to avoid its displacement and fall. If the placement, fastening, condition of the cargo creates a threat to road safety, the driver must take measures to eliminate the danger that has arisen or stop further movement.
Under a contract for the carriage of goods with a customer (consignor or consignee), the carrier may undertake the performance of loading and unloading operations under the conditions stipulated in the relevant contract, taking into account the customer's preliminary preparation of the cargo, the provision of parking spaces and minor repairs of loading and unloading machines and devices , office space for changing rooms and places for workers to rest, etc.
The participation of a car driver in the loading and unloading of cargo is possible only with his consent, as well as the consent of the carrier, in a manner that does not contradict the Labor Protection and Safety Regulations for loading and unloading operations in road transport. At the same time, during loading, the driver accepts the load in the car body, and when unloading, he delivers the load from the car body.
The customer must ensure that the carrier's vehicle is loaded in accordance with the type of cargo, its weight and quantity, as agreed in the application / order, as well as the time of work in real conditions of cargo transportation.
When transporting goods with a small bulk mass, the carrier, in agreement with the consignor, can take measures to increase the use of the vehicle's carrying capacity.
Piece cargo, the loading and unloading of which requires a lot of time, before the start of loading by the shipper must be stacked in large cargo units (transport packages), adapted for mechanized loading and unloading using forklifts, cranes and other lifting machines.
Schemes and procedure for the formation of transport packages must comply with technical specifications for the manufacture, transportation and storage of products of manufacturers, as well as the Rules for the carriage of goods in containers and transport packages.
Loading, placing and securing loaded and empty containers on vehicles is carried out in accordance with this section of the Rules and the Rules for the carriage of goods in containers and transport packages (Section XI of the Rules).
When carrying out loading operations, the consignor is obliged:
B) evenly place loads over the entire floor area of the car body, avoiding eccentric distribution of the load in the body and the load along the axles in excess of the values established for the given car;
C) stack homogeneous piece loads in the body of a car, observing the same number of tiers and ensuring reliable fastening of the upper tier of the stack;
D) place heavier loads closer to the axis of symmetry of the car body;
E) ensure the establishment of the center of gravity of the load as low as possible and in the middle of the vehicle body length;
E) not to allow stowage of goods with a larger volumetric mass on goods with a lower volumetric mass;
G) fill the gaps between the cargo pile and the body walls using various fasteners (gaskets, inflatable containers and other devices);
H) when loading long cargo (pipes, rolled steel, timber, etc.) different sizes, different lengths and thicknesses to pick them up the same in each separate row, longer weights - to place in the lower rows.
To prevent overturning or displacement of the cargo in the body during the movement of the vehicle, the consignor is obliged to securely fasten it in the body of the vehicle using its own fastening means, unless otherwise provided in the contract of carriage.
The choice of a means of securing goods in the body of a vehicle (belts, chains, cables, wooden bars, stops, anti-slip mats and others) is carried out by the consignor, taking into account the safety of road traffic, the safety of the transported cargo and the vehicle.
Loads of large mass, which can only be loaded mechanically, must have loops, eyelets, protrusions or other special devices for gripping when using hoisting machines and devices.
Securing the load with nails, staples or other means damaging the vehicle is not allowed.
The consignor (consignee) must provide, install and remove trays, belts, wire, other devices and auxiliary materials necessary for loading and transportation, unless otherwise provided in the contract of carriage.
In connection with the need to transport special cargo, the carrier, by agreement with the consignor or consignee, can re-equip the vehicle into a specialized one, taking into account the requirements of state standards, rules and regulations in force in the Russian Federation.
Devices for ensuring the safety of goods and the production of loading and unloading operations belonging to the consignor are transferred by the carrier to the consignee at the point of unloading together with the cargo or returned to the consignor at the point of loading or other place in accordance with the contract of carriage or indication in the waybill.
If the carrier discovers that the stowage or fastening of the cargo on the vehicle does not comply with the road safety requirements, as well as the requirements for ensuring the safety of the cargo or the vehicle, the carrier must notify the customer about this and refuse to carry out the carriage until the customer eliminates the deficiencies noted.
The time of arrival of the vehicle for loading is calculated from the moment the driver presents the waybill and the identity document to the consignor, and the time of arrival of the vehicle for unloading is calculated from the moment the consignee presents the waybill at the point of unloading.
Loading of cargo into a motor vehicle is considered complete if the cargo is loaded into the body of the vehicle and a bill of lading has been duly drawn up on it.
The unloading of the arrived cargo is considered complete if the cargo is completely unloaded from the vehicle, the bill of lading, waybill and other documents for the carriage of the cargo have been completed, and all necessary work for cleaning the body.
If the shipper or consignee has entrance gate or a checkpoint, the time of arrival of a vehicle for loading or unloading is calculated from the moment the driver presents the waybill or bill of lading to the consignor (consignee) at the entrance gate or checkpoint.
The travel time of a vehicle from the gate or checkpoint to the place of loading or unloading and back is excluded when calculating the time the vehicle is under loading or unloading.
The consignor, the consignee are obliged to mark in the waybill, bill of lading the time of delivery of the vehicle to the points of loading, unloading and the time of departure from them.
At the warehouses of freight forwarding enterprises (terminals), loading and unloading operations and other work related to the dispatch and receipt of goods by road (preparation of goods, fastening, shelter, etc.) are performed by these enterprises, unless otherwise provided by the contract of carriage.
After unloading the cargo, the vehicle body or container must be cleaned by the consignee, and after the transportation of animals, poultry, perishable and other cargo that contaminates the body, it must be washed and, if necessary, steamed or disinfected. The specified operations for cleaning and sanitizing the body of the vehicle, by agreement of the parties, can be performed by the carrier.
The customer bears property liability to the carrier for damage to the vehicle during loading / unloading of cargo, as well as on the way due to improper placement and fastening of cargo in the amount of actual costs incurred by the carrier for the repair of the vehicle.
The customer is obliged to provide loading / unloading and draw up transport and accompanying documents within the time limits established by the agreement of the parties and calculated from the moment the vehicle arrives for loading / unloading. In the event of excessive downtime of the vehicle under loading / unloading, as well as due to improper execution of transport and accompanying documents or their absence, the Customer is obliged to pay the carrier a fine in the amount established by the agreement of the parties, and in the absence of this agreement - in accordance with the Charter of Road Transport.
The main standards of idle time for cars and road trains at the points of loading and unloading of goods are given in Appendix 9 to the Rules.
Loading and unloading of goods is carried out in accordance with the rules of loading and unloading operations set forth in the Charter of Road Transport (Federal Law No. 259 of 08.11.2011). In addition, the regulations regarding safety during loading and unloading work are stipulated in job descriptions and in the Labor Protection Rules approved by the Ministry of Labor on September 17, 2014 by order No. 642n.
Cargo loading rules
Loading safety is not possible without adherence to the following standards:
In our company, movers work quickly and smoothly!
Maximum loads (for movers)... A maximum of 50 kg can be carried manually at a distance of no more than 25 m, or 80 kg, provided that the loader carries the load on his back. Cargoes over 80 kg and up to 500 kg are transported on trolleys or stackers. Loads weighing more than 500 kg are carried only with the help of truck cranes.
Requirements for loaders-riggers... Must be instructed on labor protection, fire safety, electrical safety, have permissions to work on lifting special equipment. A medical examination is mandatory once a year. Provided with overalls and personal protective equipment.
We have our own fleet of vehicles and a permanent staff of loaders-riggers
Requirements for the operation of special equipment... Trucks with a carrying capacity of more than 3 tons must undergo technical inspections at least once a year. Road transport for the transport of dangerous goods - every six months. Cars with a carrying capacity of less than 3 tons "under" 3 years old are exempted from maintenance, over 3 and up to 7 years old - undergo maintenance 2 times a year, over 7 years old - every year.
Types of cargo. They are non-hazardous, bulky, and hazardous. Non-hazardous are food products, building materials, piece manufactured goods that do not require specific measures during loading. Bulky cargo is considered to be over 12 m long, over 2.5 m wide, over 4 m high. Loading requires the involvement of special equipment - truck cranes, manipulators, winches. Finally, dangerous goods must be loaded (unloaded) in accordance with the ADR Regulations and in accordance with the narrow specifics of each of them.
Loading dangerous goods
The following types of cargo are classified as dangerous:
- Explosives. Rockets, pyrotechnics, dynamite, torpedoes, mines, ammunition, etc.
- Gases. Liquefied gas in cylinders - for example, propane-butane, nitrogen, ammonia, chlorine, oxygen. This also includes varnishes and deodorants in the form of aerosols.
- Flammable liquids... Methanol, alcohol, acetone, oil, gasoline, kerosene, printing inks, solvents for large format printing. This includes diesel and heating oil.
- Flammable materials... Sulfur, coal, paper and fabrics impregnated with oils - if their content exceeds 5% of the total volume of materials. Other examples are white and yellow phosphorus, cotton, fishmeal, sodium, potassium.
- Oxides and peroxides... V household use these are ammonium nitrate fertilizers, hydrogen peroxide, bleaches.
- Toxic and infectious substances ... These are poisons (for example, for rodents) and strains of pathogens for scientific research.
- Radioactive substances... These are not only waste and materials from the nuclear industry, but also devices for diagnostics (tomographs) and flaw detection.
- Corrosive substances... First of all, these are varnishes and paints for outdoor use, mercury, alkalis, acid - sulfuric, citric, oxalic, etc. May cause skin or lung burns if vapor is inhaled.
- Others. For example, asbestos, asphalt or other substances that cause a lot of dust, lithium batteries, car batteries, dry ice, magnets or magnetized materials.
Loading and unloading of highly hazardous substances
Loading and unloading operations of dangerous goods are carried out under the constant supervision of a responsible person, which is delegated from the shipper or consignee (by agreement). Among other aspects of loading and unloading dangerous goods, the following must be noted:
- Loading is carried out in accordance with the scheme (instructions) of the manufacturer or shipper. Third parties are not allowed to be present during the download (shipment). The same applies to the driver, who must be outside the loading and unloading area. The vehicle's engine is turned off unless it activates refrigeration units, pumps, etc.
- Places for loading should be located no closer than 50 m from roads and no closer than 125 m from residential, administrative and industrial buildings. It is allowed to unload only one vehicle at a time. If special equipment is involved, then electric cranes must be grounded, vehicles running on liquid fuel are equipped with spark extinguishers and fire extinguishers.
- All work must be carried out exclusively by certified personnel familiar with officials and production instructions, fire safety and sanitary requirements. Uncertified personnel are not allowed to work. Overalls required.
- Dangerous goods must be protected inert sealed packaging and marked according to the ADR rules.
