The system of indicators characterizing the quantitative and qualitative changes taking place in the field of education allows obtaining information on the number of educational institutions, the contingent of students, characteristics of the internal efficiency of the learning process, data on admission to educational institutions, graduation of specialists, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the teaching staff for each level of education. personnel, the state of the material and technical base of educational institutions.
In the process of statistical observation, the following basic concepts are used.
Preschool educational institution is a type of educational institution that implements general educational programs of preschool education of various orientations. The preschool educational institution provides upbringing, training, supervision, care and health improvement for children aged 2 months to 7 years. In accordance with the focus, preschool institutions are divided into types: kindergarten, kindergarten with priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic, physical, etc.), compensatory kindergarten with priority implementation of qualified correction of deviations in physical and mental development pupils; a kindergarten for supervision and rehabilitation with priority implementation of sanitary and hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures, a kindergarten of a combined type; child development center. A sharp decline in the number of preschool institutions has been characteristic of recent years. When analyzing the activities of preschool institutions, the following indicators are used.
Provision of places for children in preschool institutions (there are children per 100 places):
where Ko / mb is the provision of places for children in preschool institutions;
Mddu - the number of places in preschool institutions;
H d / ddu - the number of children in preschool institutions (preschool institutions).
Provision (coverage) of children with preschool institutions
where Kddu / about - Provision (coverage) of children with preschool institutions;
H d / ddu - the number of children attending preschool institutions;
Provision of preschool children with places in preschool institutions (there are places per 1000 children):
where Km.ddu / ob.doshk - provision of preschool children with places in preschool institutions;
Mddu - the number of places in preschool institutions;
Ch1-6 is the number of children aged 1-6 years according to demographic statistics, adjusted for the number of children aged 6 years enrolled in school.
A general educational institution implements general education programs of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education. Types of educational institutions: primary, basic, secondary complete general education schools, including those with in-depth study of individual subjects, lyceums, gymnasiums.
General educational institutions are divided into state, municipal and non-state. A general educational institution is the main link in the system of continuous education and provides all citizens of the Russian Federation with the opportunity to exercise the state-guaranteed right to receive free general education within the limits of state standards.
In recent years, there has been a reduction in the number of state educational institutions in Russia, in many cases this has affected, accordingly, the number of students. The only exceptions were higher education institutions. In contrast to this, there is an increase in the number of non-state educational institutions.
A non-governmental educational institution is an educational institution that is not under the jurisdiction of any government body, regardless of whether it is funded by such bodies or not. A private educational institution may or may not receive financial support from government agencies.
Levels of general education programs - a general educational institution carries out the educational process in accordance with the levels of general education programs of three levels of education: 1 level - primary general education (the standard term of development is 3-4 years); II stage - basic general education (standard term of development is 5 years); III stage - secondary (complete) general education (standard term of development is 2-3 years).
The number of pupils (students) of educational institutions - the number of students in educational institutions, institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.
In statistical reporting, data on the number of pupils (students) are given by grade (course), gender, age, specialty and other indicators.
An evening (shift) general education institution is an educational institution that provides citizens of Russia of any age (working and non-working) with a real opportunity to receive basic general and secondary (complete) general education. Types: evening (shift) general education schools, open (shift) general education schools, education centers, evening (shift) general education schools at correctional labor institutions and educational labor colonies.
General education programs are mastered in the form of full-time, part-time, family education, self-education, external studies.
An educational institution of higher professional education (higher educational institution) is an institution that has the status of a legal entity and implements professional educational programs of higher professional education. Education for the purpose of obtaining higher education is carried out in the following types of educational institutions: university, academy, institute, college. Higher educational institutions may have branches, faculties, departments, preparatory departments, research laboratories, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, educational units of vocational education, experimental farms, educational theaters and other structural units.
Educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution) - an institution that implements professional educational programs of secondary vocational education. Secondary specialized educational institutions include: technical school (college, school), college, technical school-enterprise (institution).
Secondary specialized educational institutions may have branches, educational consulting centers, departments, preparatory courses, classrooms and laboratories, educational and training workshops and farms, training grounds, departments for advanced training and retraining of specialists and workers and other structural units.
Admission to educational institutions is an indicator of the number of persons accepted for training in a given academic year. The number of those accepted does not include repeaters and persons reinstated for training. The quantitative characteristics of admission to educational institutions of a given level of education include: the number of admissions, the structure of admission by form of study, by direction, by basic education, competition in educational institutions, the degree of access to this level of education.
Competition in educational institutions - admission to higher and secondary vocational educational institutions is carried out on applications of citizens on a competitive basis based on the results of entrance examinations (except for cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation). When analyzing the results of admission, an indicator is used that characterizes the ratio of the number of applicants and the number enrolled in training (passed the exams) and is expressed as follows: applications for admission were submitted for 100 places. These indicators differ very significantly depending on the industry group of the university, on the specialists for work in which field it trains.
Forms of obtaining higher and secondary vocational education - educational programs of higher and secondary specialized education can be mastered in various forms, differing in the volume of compulsory classes of a teacher with students: full-time, part-time (evening), part-time, in the form of external studies. After a significant reduction in the mid-90s in the number of students enrolled in extramural and evening departments of universities, in recent years there has been a significant increase in the indicator.
Graduation from educational institutions - the number of persons who have fully completed the course of study in educational institutions and received the appropriate education (specialty). Persons who graduated from secondary specialized educational institutions and higher educational institutions are awarded a qualification in accordance with the specialty received, a diploma of the established sample is issued.
The number of students in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions per 10 thousand population is defined as the ratio of the number of students at the beginning of the academic year to the size of the current population.
The graduation of specialists from higher and secondary specialized educational institutions per 10 thousand of the population is determined as the ratio of the number of graduates to the average annual number of the available population of a given year.
The material base of educational institutions is a complex of buildings and equipment used to organize the educational process. The characteristics of the material and technical base of a specific level of education are the following indicators: the volume of areas by functional purpose, study areas per student, dormitory areas per resident, provision of dormitories, provision of technical teaching aids, library fund, catering establishments. Education statistics also study the technical condition of the buildings of general education schools and their improvement.
Indicators on the level of shift work of schools are expressed by the proportion of schools working in one, two, three shifts, as well as the proportion of the number of students involved in the first, second and third shifts.
The calculation of the shift in the work of schools is carried out for primary, basic and secondary (complete) schools, i.e. no schools for children with mental or physical disabilities.
Classroom area of daytime general education schools per student. The data on the area of classrooms (including classrooms and laboratories) is divided by the estimated number of students in the first shift in primary, primary and secondary (complete) schools (excluding schools for children with mental or physical disabilities).
Provision of students of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions with a public catering network. According to the current norms, there should be 200 places per 1000 students in the catering establishments of the educational institution. To obtain the number of seats at the norm, you need to multiply the estimated number of students by 200 and divide by 1000. The number of seats in the educational institution is compared with the number of seats at the rate (calculation) and thus the degree of provision of catering establishments of the educational institution is determined. The calculation is also carried out for the educational institutions of the region.
Education statistics studies the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of educational activities both within the framework of institutions that implement certain educational programs and provide the content and upbringing of students (pupils), and outside them, throughout a person's life, including training in organizations on the job at various refresher courses or through self-education. The statistics are intended to reflect the development of the education system at all its levels, the composition and conditions of the functioning of educational institutions, the state and use of the material and technical base, cadres of educators and teachers, student populations, their structure and dynamics, the main and additional activities of educational institutions and its effectiveness.
Education statistics is built as a multi-level system, which is based on information flows from the subjects of the educational services market: the population, educational institutions and enterprises.
Based on the data obtained, analytical studies are carried out in various areas: the markets of educational services at the federal and regional levels, the behavior of families in these markets, economic processes in the field of education, the state and development of the material, technical and information base, and the personnel potential of vocational education institutions.
The goal of education statistics is to provide information support for the development and implementation of educational policy, provide the education authorities of the Russian Federation with up-to-date, complete, reliable and regularly updated information on the state of the education system in the Russian Federation, and form the information base necessary for analyzing and forecasting the development of education.
Achieving the goal of education statistics is ensured by solving several problems:
system identification of the subject statistics;
the selection of observable and unobservable processes and phenomena in the field of education, the factors and relationships that determine them;
accumulation of information necessary for analyzing the situation, describing the forecast background, and, finally, actually forecasting and modeling scenarios for the development of the education system.
Education statistics as an information system must meet the following requirements:
have a targeted focus;
ensure the continuity and regularity of observations;
ensure that the topics and tools are regularly updated in accordance with the needs of users;
ensure the maximum reliability of information and the objectivity of the conclusions formulated on its basis.
A holistic vision of the education statistics system, coordination of all various types of activity is both a factor of success and the most difficult task of building an effective management mechanism on its basis.
Education statistics is built as a multi-level system based on information flows from the subjects of the educational services market: the population, educational institutions and enterprises.
The university(from him. Universität, which, in turn, originated from lat. universitas- totality, community) is a higher educational institution where specialists in fundamental and many applied sciences are trained. As a rule, he also carries out research work. Many modern universities operate as educational, scientific and practical complexes. Universities unite in their composition several faculties, which represent the totality of various disciplines that constitute the basis of scientific knowledge.
The oldest university in Europe, the medical university, was founded in Salerno no later than the first half of the 11th century. Around 1100, a university in Bologna was opened, originally a school where legal norms were developed on the basis of Roman law. On the basis of several monastic schools at the end of the XII century. the University of Paris grew up; in 1096 the University of Oxford was already teaching students, and according to history, after the conflict between the inhabitants of Oxford and the professors and university students in 1209, some scholars fled north, where they founded the University of Cambridge.
Academy- higher education institution, which:
· Implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education;
· Carries out training, retraining and / or advanced training of highly qualified workers for a certain area of scientific and scientific-pedagogical activity;
· Carries out fundamental and applied scientific research mainly in one of the fields of science or culture;
Institute(lat. institutum- establishment, custom, institution) is a term used to designate a certain class of institutions. In particular, this term denotes: the most common type of higher education institution in Russia and the CIS.
Education statistics bring together a wide range of participants from federal education authorities to families who conduct surveys and receive additional information to build educational strategies.
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, as well as the Federal Agency for Education and the Federal Service for Supervision in Education, subordinate to it, determine the main directions of monitoring the education economy, provide departmental statistics and other relevant information. Leading specialists of these departments perform the functions of experts and consultants in the conduct of methodological and analytical research. Federal education authorities are the main users of the results of monitoring the education economy.
The Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) is the supplier of information for the state federal statistical observation. The leading specialists of Rosstat perform the functions of experts and consultants for methodological and analytical research.
Other federal ministries and agencies interested in producing education statistics and their results. Their potential functions are to provide departmental information, participate in research on user needs, and analyze the results of monitoring the economy of the education system for making decisions within their competence.
Educational authorities at the regional and municipal levels decide to conduct statistical studies in their region (with the exception of pilot regions, the choice of which is determined by federal authorities), coordinating statistical work in the constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities in the conduct of statistics at the regional level.
Users of education statistics information include government bodies, business circles, employers, scientific and educational institutions, the media, and the public. The functions of users vary depending on the level of their responsibility and competence in the process of developing educational policy, making managerial and other decisions, and shaping public opinion.
Almost all levels of the education system are currently represented in education statistics: preschool education for children, general education: primary, basic, complete (secondary), vocational education: primary, secondary and higher.
There is also non-systemic education for children and adults, in which the learning process is provided on the basis of direct interaction between the teacher and the student.
Within the framework of education statistics, data are collected for Russia as a whole, as well as for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which differ significantly in their geographic location, socio-economic situation, living standards and other characteristics. This makes it possible to form an idea, on the one hand, about typical situations in the field of education, and on the other, to take into account their uniqueness due to regional specifics.
Main sources of information on education statistics:
materials of state and departmental statistics;
data from the Ministry of Finance characterizing the volume and structure of budgetary financing of the education system;
the results of special statistical surveys in educational organizations and institutions;
results of mass polls and sociological surveys;
expert assessments.
Education statistics has a whole range of different kinds of effects: methodological, analytical, informational, and managerial.
1) Methodological effects are provided by the development of new indicators and indicators, original tools for collecting statistical and sociological information.
2) Information effects are associated with obtaining fundamentally new data that comprehensively characterize the education sector in the Russian Federation and its regions.
3) Analytical effects are formalized in the use of a fundamentally new information field for research and forecasting the development of education.
4) Management effects are due to the fact that monitoring information is really focused on the goals of educational policy development and decision support.
Discipline "Statistics"
Topic: Statistical study of the level of education of the population of the Russian Federation
Introduction ………………………………………………………………… .3
1 Theoretical aspects of statistics on the level of education of the population ... 5
1.1 Sources of information …………………………………………… 5
1.2 The concept and system of indicators of statistics on the level of education. 6
2 Characteristics of the Russian education system ………………… ... 12
3 Statistical analysis of indicators of educational attainment
population of the Russian Federation ……………………………………………………………… 14
3.1 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the level of education of the population ... 14
3.2 Analysis of literacy of the population ………………………………… ..18
3.3 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of quantity
pupils and students ……………………………………………… ... 21
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… ... 26
List of used literature …………………………………… 28
Appendix ……………………………………… ... …………………… .29
Introduction
Social statistics is one of the most important components of the statistical method. It provides a quantitative characteristic of the structure of society, the life and activities of people, their relationship with the state and law, allows you to identify and measure the basic patterns in the behavior of people, in the distribution of benefits between them. Scientists need data from social statistics to analyze the development of society, a kind of social diagnostics, to identify those trends, the strengthening of which can threaten the life of people.
The level of education of the population is one of the indicators of the standard of living of the population. This determines the relevance of the topic of the course work.
The level of education simultaneously acts as both a social and an economic indicator that characterizes the level of development of society and social relations.
As an economic indicator, the level of education of the population is the basis for the development of science and high-tech sectors of the economy. The level of education characterizes the potential of the economically active population as a factor of production.
Acting as a social indicator, the level of education contributes to an increase in the cultural level of the population, the development of such areas as cinematography, literature, music, and the visual arts.
The purpose of this course work is to statistically study the level of education of the population. Within the framework of the tasks set, the following types of work should be performed in the work:
Collect and study materials on methods of statistical study of indicators of living standards;
Study the education system and educational potential of Russia;
The object of study in this course work is the standard of living of the population.
The subject of study is the level of education of the population of the Russian Federation.
The work uses various analytical methods for the statistical study of the database.
The methodology consists of textbooks on the disciplines "General Theory of Statistics", "Social Statistics", "Social and Economic Statistics", as well as methodological materials of the Rosstat website, which reflect the basic concepts and methods of studying statistical data on education indicators and data from the "Russian Statistical Yearbook 2009" ...
1 Theoretical aspects of statistics on the level of education of the population
1.1 Sources of information
The main source of information on the level of education of the population is the census. The census program provides for obtaining information about the level of education of each person, as well as about the types of educational institutions in which he studies or graduated.
Considerable attention is paid to the study of training and advanced training of the employed population. Such a study was carried out according to the data of one-time registrations of both workers and specialists with secondary specialized and higher education. Information on the level, profile of education and professional training has been included in the programs of periodic sample surveys of the unemployed population, conducted by the state statistics services since 1992.
The main source of information on state educational institutions remains the state statistical reporting, submitted once a year. The reporting program contains: information on the number, composition and movement of students, professional training of teachers and the duration of pedagogical work; data on material security and financial performance of educational institutions. Various data are collected in sample surveys of students, conducted not only by statistical services, but also by teachers, doctors, sociologists and other specialists. Less common are studies of the living standards of school teachers, foremen and teachers of vocational secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.
With the transition to the market of paid services, including in the field of education, a network of private educational institutions is being intensively formed, training under the programs of foreign universities is developing, and a distance learning system is being created. It is difficult to collect statistical data on the activities of private educational institutions in the form of regular reporting. To study their activities, it is advisable to conduct special surveys. When preparing such work, the experience of organizing the census of educational institutions in Russia in 1889, 1911 and 1927 should be taken into account. ("School censuses").
1.2 The concept and system of indicators of statistics on the level of education
Each epoch put its own content into the concept of "educated person". However, it was always based on a person's ability not only to actively assimilate accumulated knowledge and experience, but also to independently develop new thinking.
One of the leading tasks of statistics is to measure the educational potential of society; in the study of the processes of its formation, differentiation and use. The educational potential of society is the volume and quality of knowledge and professional experience accumulated by generations, which are assimilated by the population and are reproduced through the education system.
As already noted, the measurement of the level of education of the population is carried out during population censuses, in the course of sample surveys. In the process of developing the census program, criteria for education (literacy) are determined. Based on the census program, a methodology is being created for constructing generalizing indicators of education for the population as a whole and for individual socio-demographic groups, for studying their differentiation and dynamics.
In modern conditions, the following problems have become relevant:
Availability of education for people with different levels of ability to pay;
Identification of priorities in the development of the training system;
Development of the concept and methodology for measuring the quality of education.
The methodology of international comparisons in this area, carried out by UNESCO and UNDP, is also being improved.
From the history of statistics, it is known with what detail the concept of "the border of illiteracy" was discussed. Whether to consider literate a person who can only read, or someone who can write and count. As a result, the criteria of literacy (illiteracy) were developed, which were used in the census of the population of Russia in 1926. In it, persons who were able to read were considered to be able to read printed words at least by syllables; able to write - those who could subscribe. "Illiterate" - this was the only one who could not read or write.
An internationally agreed definition of adult literacy (illiteracy) was proposed by UNESCO experts: literate persons are those who can both read and write a short simple text concerning their daily life with understanding.
For countries that have achieved universal literacy, the study of functional illiteracy among the adult population is becoming relevant. In developed countries since the mid-90s. The OECD is conducting an international survey of functional literacy in adults. In the course of the study, the assessment of literacy as a specific skill, the ability to understand and use printed information in everyday life was carried out in three areas: literary, documentary and numeric literacy.
In Russia, the content of such concepts as computer literacy, basic (basic) and secondary education has not yet been determined. The latter concepts are formally identified with the number of completed classes, and not with the development of knowledge and the development of the intellect of the individual.
When conducting a population census, the level of education of each respondent is recorded, the type of educational institution in which the respondent is studying is taken into account. The level of education in Russian censuses is identified with the completion of certain types of educational institutions: general education schools (according to the number of completed grades), primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions (classified according to educational levels). The main features of this network of educational institutions are training in joint programs, consistent continuity in education, and the issuance of a government-issued document confirming graduation from an educational institution to graduates.
In the program of the upcoming census in Russia in 2002, the level of education is fixed for persons aged 6 years and older, and education is distinguished: primary general (3-4 school grades); basic general (5 - 9 grades); secondary (complete) general (11 classes); initial professional; secondary vocational; incomplete higher education (3 courses); incomplete higher (4 courses) and higher professional. For children who do not have primary general education, it is indicated whether they can read and write, and for respondents over 15 years old - whether or not they have primary vocational education. If it is difficult to determine the characteristics being studied, the name of the educational institution and the number of courses (classes) that the respondent completed, indicating the year of graduation, is found out.