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Not included in accounts payable. What is accounts payable. Other debt obligations of various origins

Even those who have nothing to do with accounting, as well as financial accounting, quite often come across such a concept as receivables and payables. The designations of these terms are quite different and “hide” a lot of information about the financial activities of the enterprise as a whole. Let's look at the concepts of receivables and creditors, what is it in simple words? What accounts are displayed in accounting, what can they “tell” to a manager, potential investor, economist, financier, other legal and physical subjects of economic activity.

In simple words about creditors and receivables: the concept of debts

What are accounts payable and accounts receivable? Let's try to explain in an accessible language so that a person "not savvy" in economic terms has an idea about these types of obligations.

Accounts receivable comes from the word "debet", which is translated from Latin as "he must"

Accounts receivable - do we owe it or are we in debt?

First, let's break everything down. Accounts receivable, or as it is correctly called in accounting - accounts receivable, comes from the word "debet", which is translated from Latin as "he must". Only knowing the translation is not entirely clear whether we owe it or us. To make it clearer, let us explain that accounts receivable are called legal entities who owe us some money. From this follows the following notion, the totality of financial resources that are listed as liabilities of legal and individuals before you is a receivable.

All receivables are current assets, which do not have an accounting period (statute of limitations), since they can be repaid both in the short term and in a longer period.

Receipt of funds from a debtor to pay off a receivable is called collection accounts receivable.

Examples of accounts receivable include:

  • the goods have been shipped, but payment has not yet occurred;
  • advance payment has been made material values work has not yet been received or has not been carried out;
  • advances issued;
  • overpayment to the budget.

What is accounts payable

Translate from latin word"Kredit" is not necessary, since even the most distant from the economy layman will say with confidence that this is our debt to someone. In simple words, this is the case when your enterprise has obligations in the form of a set of financial resources to a certain organization (firm, company). That is, we owe money to a supplier, an employee, etc.

If everything is more or less clear with the concept of credit debt, then from the side of accounting it is not entirely clear that a creditor is an asset or a liability? The answer is simple, once creditor - these are the obligations of your enterprise, then debts are liabilities.

Reflection of accounts payable and receivable in financial statements

Financial statements are set by the enterprise for each quarter and for the full year worked. It consists of statistical forms, and the main ones for the analysis of activity are the first two:

  • f.1 Balance. It consists of two parts: Active - Passive. Its filling is based on the principle of equality of the first part (asset) to the second (liability).
  • f.2 Statement of financial results. It displays the company's income and the level of profitability with which the year ended.

Creditors and receivables are displayed in the financial statements - f.1 Balance

Displaying creditors and receivables in the financial statements is a key parameter for analyzing the financial stability of an enterprise.

Accounts receivable is reflected in f.1 Balance (the first part of the asset). A whole second section is devoted to it, and the total amount of such obligations indicated on line 1230. FROM The long-term debtor balance is displayed on line 1040. As for accounts payable, they can be found in liabilities. In balance it line 1520 of the fifth section or else the creditor can be shown in the fourth section of the Balance.

Learn more about the types of receivables and payables

In accounting, both accounts payable and receivables are divided by type, based on the source of its occurrence, the maturity or non-payment of obligations assumed. Consider what a creditor and a receivable can be.

How accounts receivable are classified in accounting

Let's delve into the "subsoil" accounting and we will try to explain in accessible words what receivables are. Conventionally, all debts on receivables can be divided into two types:

  1. Trade receivables- represents the amount of buyers' liabilities arising from the sale of goods and services produced as a result of the main activity.
  2. Non-trade receivable appears as a result of other activities (advance payments to employees, dividends, forward transferred budget obligations, etc.)

Based on the terms of obtaining obligations, we can distinguish:

  • long-term accounts receivable enterprises with terms for its payment for more than a year;
  • short-term, is repaid throughout the year.

Which receivable will “hang” is recorded in the accounting documents, and upon the fact of payments or delays on them, it can be divided into:

  • normal;
  • overdue.

If everything is clear with the normal one, then the overdue one should be dealt with in more detail. The question logically arises: overdue receivables - how many months of debt? With overdue obligations, it is not correct to talk about specific months, since the reasons for non-payment may be different and there are also subspecies of receivables for them.

  1. Doubtful accounts receivable- these are obligations to the enterprise, the repayment of which is not certain due to the unsatisfactory solvency of the debtor.
  2. Unclaimed obligations. This group includes debts that were unclaimed due to an error on the part of an accountant or other financially responsible person.
  3. Moratorium receivables is a hanging obligation that arises during a period when the company is going through bankruptcy proceedings and your company cannot present financial claims.
  4. Uncollectible receivables- these are "dead" debts, the payment of which is reduced to zero. These are the obligations of the debtor declared bankrupt.

Of course, obligations to the enterprise cannot hang forever, therefore, after 3 years, it is written off, in accordance with clause 77 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of July 29, 1998 No. 34n, on the financial results of the organization as a loss.

After 3 years, receivables are written off, increasing the loss of the enterprise

It should be noted other receivables of the organization. This concept includes various items of calculations of both commodity and non-commodity nature.

Recently, there has been an increasing practice of reducing the risks of an enterprise through accounts receivable insurance. This is a reliable tool to minimize the possibility of a receivable becoming uncollectible.

Accounts payable: concepts and types

Now let's deal with the concept of a creditor, when it arises and what happens. There are the following types of creditor obligations:

  • to employees;
  • to suppliers, contractors;
  • before the budget, taxes, fees.

Like accounts receivable, accounts payable can be:

  • current- a period of up to three months;
  • short-term- the calculation is made for a period of up to one year;
  • long-term– reimbursement is expected for more than a year;
  • liquid– from 3 years (subject to write-off).

The presence of accounts payable significantly reduces the investment attractiveness, since it significantly reduces the solvency of the enterprise and its liquidity.

Accounting for accounts payable and accounts receivable

We figured out the concepts, now we will try to explain how the creditor and receivable “look” in accounting (financial) accounting. Initially, we will consider accounts payable and receivable in the balance sheet - which accounts are these?

The receivable "settled" on accounts 1, 3 classes:

  1. current debts displayed in accounting on such accounts 37, 36, 34.
  2. long term duties placed on account 18. Depending on the type, appropriate sub-accounts are used.

The calculation of receivables for a certain number is as follows:

Accounts receivable = Dt60 + Dt62 + Dt68 + Dt69 + Dt70 + Dt71 + Dt73 + Dt75 + Dt76 - Kt63

Why do you need to track accounts receivable? Often, business newbies are perplexed by the question: why do we need to control receivables for expenses, what kind of indicator is this? If the answer is available, then this is the amount of debt to your company. In other words, these are assets that can be used in business development. Lack of control in this area can lead to:

  • loss of amounts of debt with one-time debtors;
  • financial instability;
  • inefficient compilation of the expenditure side of the balance sheet;
  • falling competitiveness.

For accounting for creditors the following counts: 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76.

The creditor is calculated as the sum of the balances of all the above accounts.

Analysis of accounts payable and receivable makes it possible to assess the capabilities of the enterprise

Why you need an analysis of accounts payable and receivable

Working with bilateral obligations (we owe - we owe) makes it possible to objectively assess the financial, accounting, economic capabilities of an enterprise (company, organization). An integrated tracking approach helps to see the whole picture, and the ratio of accounts receivable to accounts payable can “tell” about the state of affairs at the enterprise. Thus, an economically healthy organization should celebrate accounts receivable is much higher than accounts payable.

The receivables increased - this indicates the possibility of repaying your debts at the expense of obligations reimbursed in the future.

An important indicator of the analysis is the turnover of receivables. It shows how many turnovers are made by funds for a certain period (year).

It is quite possible to turn receivables into financial resources, if necessary. How can this be "checked"? Sale of receivables- this is the transfer of other people's obligations that have arisen before you to another person for money. The amount of liabilities itself is reduced by the size of the discount.

Debtors and creditors are an integral part, without which the enterprise will not be able to function. Accounting for transactions on these business entities with its subsequent analysis allows you to adequately assess the capabilities of the enterprise, its liquidity, solvency, and development opportunities. Therefore, every businessman should distinguish and understand what accounts payable and receivable are.

This line shows the short-term accounts payable of the organization (clause 19 PBU 4/99), the maturity of which does not exceed 12 months after the reporting date.

What is included in the compositionshort-term accounts payable?

On line 1520 " Accounts payable» in sec. V Balance sheet provides information on the following types of short-term accounts payable.

  1. Accounts payable, which is accounted for on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" in amounts recognized by the organization as correct (Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts, clause 73 of the Accounting Regulations and financial statements).

In particular, account 60 reflects the debt of the organization:

— for acquired material assets (including for non-invoiced deliveries);

- for the accepted work performed;

— for consumed services;

— on promissory notes issued to suppliers and contractors;

— as received from suppliers and contractors commercial loans.

The amount of debt on commercial loans is formed both by the amount of the principal debt and the amount of interest due at the end of the reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreements (clause 1 PBU 15/2008, clause 73 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting).

If the contract for the acquisition of an asset (performance of work, provision of services) provides for a deferral (installment plan) of payment and the payment for a commercial loan is not separately established, then the organization determines its amount included in the price of the contract independently. This amount, being in terms of economic content the interest due to the lender (lender), is recognized in accounting evenly until the end of the deferral (installment plan) period in the manner prescribed by PBU 15/2008 (Appendix to the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.02.2015 N 07- 04-06/5027).

  1. Accounts payable before employees of the organization, which can be taken into account in the following accounting accounts:

- 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration" - in terms of accrued but not paid wages, bonuses, allowances, amounts of distributed income due to the founders - employees of the organization, etc.;

- 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" - in terms of the amount of overspending on advance reports, not reimbursed to employees;

- 73 "Settlements with personnel for other transactions" - in terms of accrued but not paid compensation to employees for the use of personal property, amounts of material assistance, moral damage, etc.;

- 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", sub-account 76-4 "Settlements on deposited amounts", - in terms of wages accrued, but not paid due to the absence of recipients of wages (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts).

  1. Accounts payable on mandatory social insurance, including arrears on contributions, taking into account fines and penalties accrued for payment to state non-budgetary funds. These types of debt are accounted for on account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security" (Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts).
  2. Accounts payable on taxes and fees, which may include the following types of debt (Articles 13, 14, 15, 75, 114 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 2, clause 23 of PBU 18/02):

- on payment of income tax;

- on payment of VAT;

- on payment of personal income tax;

- on payment of property tax;

- upon payment transport tax;

- payment of land tax;

- payment of other taxes and fees;

- for the payment of penalties and fines accrued to the taxpayer.

These types of debts are accounted for on account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" (Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts).

  1. Accounts payable, which arises in the event of an advance payment (prepayment) for the supply of products, goods (performance of work, provision of services) and includes debt on commercial loans. The specified debt is reflected under the credit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers".
  2. Accounts payable for non-state pension provision employees of the organization accounted for on account 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”.
  3. Accounts payable before the founders (participants) on payment of the actual value of the share (market value of shares) upon exit from the company, as well as on the payment of income in the form of distributed profit, recorded on account 75 “Settlements with the founders”.

The debt to the founders for the payment of income arises on the date the general meeting of participants (founders, shareholders or the owner of the property of the enterprise) makes a decision on the distribution of profits (clause 1 of article 28 of Law N 14-FZ, clauses 1, 3 of article 42 of the Law No. 208-FZ, paragraphs 1, 2, article 17 of Law No. 161-FZ).

In accounting, the distribution of profit at the end of the year refers to the category of events after the reporting date, indicating the economic conditions that arose after the reporting date in which the organization conducts its activities. Such an event after the reporting date is disclosed in the Notes to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results for the reporting year. At the same time, in the reporting period for which income is distributed, no entries are made in accounting (synthetic and analytical) accounting. If an event occurs after the reporting date in the accounting of the period following the reporting period, in general order a record is made reflecting this event (clauses 3, 5, 10 PBU 7/98).

In this regard, the debt on the payment of income in the form of distributable profit (both at the end of the year and when making interim payments) is shown in the accounting records as of the date of the relevant decision.

If, in connection with an increase in the authorized capital, funds and other property are received from shareholders (participants), but as of the reporting date, the corresponding changes in the constituent documents are not registered, then the value of this property, reflected in the credit of account 75, subaccount 75-1 “Settlements on deposits in authorized (share) capital”, is not included in the indicator of accounts payable in line 1520 section. V of the balance sheet, and is reflected separately in a separate article in sec. III "Capital and reserves" (Appendix to the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 6, 2015 N 07-04-06 / 5027).

  1. Other accounts payable on property and personal insurance, for claims, for amounts erroneously credited to the accounts of the organization, for rent, for license payments, for customs payments, for settlements with the principal and other types of debt not mentioned above. These types of accounts payable are reflected in the credit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

What accounting data is usedwhen filling out line 1520 "Accounts payable"?

When filling out this line of the Balance Sheet, data on credit balances as of the reporting date are used (clauses 73, 74 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting):

- on account 60 (in terms of short-term accounts payable);

- on accounts 70, 71, 73;

- on account 69 (in terms of short-term accounts payable);

- on account 68 (in terms of short-term accounts payable);

- on account 62 (in terms of short-term accounts payable);

- on account 75, sub-account 75-2;

- on account 76 (in terms of short-term accounts payable).

According to the explanations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, when an organization receives payment, partial payment on account of the organization's forthcoming deliveries of goods (performance of work, provision of services, transfer of property rights), accounts payable are reflected in the balance sheet in the assessment minus the amount of VAT payable (paid) to the budget (Letter Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.01.2013 N 07-02-18/01).

Line 1520 “Accounts payable” = Credit balances in terms of short-term accounts payable on accounts 60.62, If the organization has accounts payable on accounts 62, 76 in the amount of prepayment received, including VAT, then when determining the indicator of line 1520, it is necessary to reduce credit balances by these accounts for the corresponding VAT amounts (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.01.2013 N 07-02-18 / 01), 76.68.69.70.71.73, subaccount 75-2

Attention!

When reflected in the reporting, no offset is allowed between the items of assets and liabilities (debit and credit balances on accounts 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76) (clause 34 PBU 4/99).

Attention!

Accounts payable denominated in foreign currency (including those payable in rubles) are recalculated into rubles for reflection in the financial statements at the exchange rate in force on the reporting date (clauses 1, 5, 7, 8 PBU 3/2006).

The exception is accounts payable arising in connection with the receipt of an advance payment, advance payment or deposit. Such accounts payable are shown in the financial statements at the exchange rate as of the date of receipt of funds (clauses 9, 10 PBU 3/2006).

Organizations independently determine the detailing of the indicator on line 1520 "Accounts payable". For example, the balance sheet may contain separately information on the short-term accounts payable of the organization to suppliers and contractors, to buyers and customers in terms of the amounts of advances received (prepayment), to the organization's personnel, to the budget for the payment of taxes and fees, and also to off-budget funds, if such information is recognized by the organization as material (paragraph 2, clause 11 PBU 4/99, clause 3 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 66n, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 01/27/2012 N 07-02-18/01). The decision by the organization of the question of whether the indicator is significant depends on the assessment of the indicator, its nature, and the specific circumstances of occurrence. That is, when preparing financial statements, materiality is determined by a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 24, 2011 N 07-02-18 / 01).

Line 1520 “Accounts payable” as at 31 December of the previous year and 31 December of the year preceding the previous year are transferred from the balance sheet for the previous year. If the indicator of line 1520 as of the reporting date is formed according to other rules, then the indicators as of December 31 of the previous year and December 31 of the year preceding the previous one must be adjusted in such a way as if they were determined according to the same rules as the indicator for reporting date. In other words, comparability of comparative indicators should be ensured (paragraph 2, clause 10 of PBU 4/99).

The column "Explanations" provides an indication of the disclosure of this indicator. If an organization draws up Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results according to the forms contained in the Example of Explanations given in Appendix N 3 to Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 66n, then in the column "Explanations" on line 1520 "Accounts payable", tables 5.3 are indicated " Availability and movement of accounts payable” and 5.4 “Overdue accounts payable”, which disclose the indicators of line 1520 of the Balance Sheet.

Example of filling line 1520"Accounts payable"

Indicators on accounts 60, 70, 71, 76, 69, 68, 62, 75 (there is no credit balance on account 73): rub.

Index As of the reporting date (31.12.2014)
1 2
1. On the credit of account 60, analytical accounts for accounting for short-term debt 2 541 600
2. By credit account 70 2 000 000
3. On the credit of account 71 2000
4. On the credit of account 76, subaccount 76-4 12 000
5. By credit of account 69 376 600
6. By credit of account 68 1 427 000
7. On the credit of account 62 (analytical account of advance payments received (prepayment)) net of VAT 2 619 000
8. On the credit of account 76 (sub-account for accounting for accrued sanctions for violation of contractual obligations and sub-account for accounting for settlements with the lessor) 134 043
9. On the credit of account 75, subaccount 75-2 400 000

Fragment of the balance sheet for 2013 (When forming the indicators of line 1520, the amounts of prepayment received from buyers and customers are reduced by VAT accrued for payment to the budget.)

Explanations Name of indicator The code As of December 31, 2013 As of December 31, 2012 As of December 31, 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6
5.3, Accounts payable 1520 14 828 15 260 13 640
including:
to suppliers and contractors 1521 3846 4656 3912
to buyers and customers 1522 2300 2164 1819
to the staff of the organization 1523 3571 3904 3495
1524 2869 2160 2920
1525 1401 1434 1494

Solution

The amount of short-term accounts payable is:

as of December 31, 2014 - 9512 thousand rubles. (2,541,600 rubles + 2,000,000 rubles + 2,000 rubles + 12,000 rubles + 376,600 rubles + 1,427,000 rubles + 2,619,000 rubles + 134,043 rubles + 400,000 rubles);

Including:

debt to suppliers and contractors:

debt to buyers and customers in the amount of received advances and prepayments:

debt to the staff of the organization:

debt to the budget for taxes and fees:

debt to state off-budget funds:

A fragment of the balance sheet will look like this.

Explanations Name of indicator The code As of December 31, 2014 As of December 31, 2013 As of December 31, 2012
1 2 3 4 5 6
5.3, Accounts payable 1520 9512 14 828 15 260
including:
to suppliers and contractors 1521 2542 3846 4656
to buyers and customers 1522 2619 2300 2164
to the staff of the organization 1523 2014 3571 3904
before the budget for taxes and fees 1524 1427 2869 2160
to state extrabudgetary funds 1525 377 1401

Accounts receivable iscompany money that has not yet been given to it. Increaseaccounts receivablecan be regarded as an increase in the company's growth rates, the main thing is that debtors repay their debts on time, then there will be no problems with repaying their own debts to creditors.

The difference between the concepts of receivables and payables

Accounts payable is the opposite of accounts receivable. Here we are talking about the company's own debt, which it must pay by a certain date. The concepts of receivables and payables do not always carry a negative connotation of the word "debt". Often these are just accepted, but not yet fulfilled obligations.

For the occurrence of accounts payable, it is not necessary to take a loan from a bank, but for the occurrence of receivables, it is not necessary to lend money. You can only conclude a supply contract, the calculations in which are made a month after receipt of the goods. And all this month the buyer will have accounts payable, that is, the obligation to pay off the contract.

At the same time, the supplier will have a receivable, he will expect payments for the delivered goods within a month. This example shows that two participants in the transaction have different types indebtedness against one obligation. And until the deadline for fulfilling the obligation comes, both parties perceive this state of affairs as a normal working relationship.

Don't know your rights?

Overdue accounts payable is a problem

The obligation is limited by the period of its execution. Of course, there are perpetual obligations, the execution of which occurs after the presentation of the demand. But here, too, there are time limits, such an obligation may be subject to instant execution or within, for example, three months from the date of receipt of the demand. So it is always possible to determine when the obligation must be fulfilled and thus receivable. Hence the classification of accounts receivable into two types:

  • Normal accounts receivable;
  • Overdue accounts receivable.

As soon as the due date for the performance of the obligation passes, normal receivables flow into overdue receivables. And this is where you need to take action. Therefore, it is important for the company to organize work to track receivables. You need to know exactly when the maturity date for a particular obligation comes.

It would be nice to track the financial condition of the debtor in order to detect problematic receivables in time. The fact that the obligation may not be fulfilled can be known in advance. If the debtor is on the verge of bankruptcy, the chances that the receivable will be repaid are minuscule. In such situations, you need to fix the outstanding receivables as soon as possible. Immediately after the deadline for fulfilling the obligation, start work on its collection in court. Then, already having a court decision in hand, it will be possible to enter into bankruptcy proceedings as a creditor and receive at least partial compensation on account of receivables.

Liability for malicious evasion from repayment of accounts payable

It is possible to say that the creditor does not want to fulfill his obligations only after the date of fulfillment of the obligation has come. Then the receivables become overdue, and you can start using methods of inducement and even coercion to fulfill the obligation. The creditor, in order to solve the problem of overdue receivables, can go the following way.


The threat of criminal prosecution makes many debtors pay their bills.

The emergence of receivables from one person will certainly lead to the emergence of accounts payable from his counterparty. After fulfillment of the obligation in full, both debts are considered repaid. But if the debtor fails to repay the debt, then the creditor has the right to use all the methods provided for by law and the contract to receive money on account of receivables.

In simple terms, accounts payable is our debt to counterparties. If you do not control the creditor, then the company is threatened with bankruptcy.

Every company has accounts payable. After all, the calculations almost never go the same day: employees do not receive a salary on the last day of the month, suppliers conclude an agreement with a prepayment condition, and buyers, on the contrary, pay in advance. So accounts payable - is it when we owe or to us?

The easiest way to remember what accounts payable is by association with the word "credit". Everyone knows that credit is when we owe. Accounts payable are also our debts to someone.

Definition of accounts payable

Let's give another definition of a creditor - this is the amount that various companies, employees and other counterparties owe to an organization. It is the source of formation working capital. That is, the occurrence of accounts payable is associated with the moment when one party has fulfilled its obligations in relation to the company, but the organization itself has not. For example, a company has received a product from a supplier but has not yet paid for it. The firm has a debt to the counterparty. This is the lender. That is, the essence of accounts payable is the company's debt to someone.

Accounts payable of the organization

Here are the most common examples of accounts payable that arise from the enterprise.

  • the company has accrued salaries to employees, but has not yet paid;
  • the contractor has received an advance payment from the customer, but has not yet completed the work;
  • the buyer received the goods from the supplier, but has not yet paid for it;
  • the company has entered into a loan agreement and has not yet paid the entire debt;
  • the taxpayer has accrued taxes, but has not yet issued a payment order to transfer money to the budget;
  • the employee bought materials with his own money, and now the company must compensate him for expenses, etc.

Accounts payable of individuals

Accounts payable can arise not only from organizations. Individuals can also be in debt. We wrote about the most common accounts payable of individuals above - this is a loan. But physicists may owe the store if they bought the goods on an installment plan, or the company if they signed a loan agreement with it. Yes, and employees sometimes owe the employer. For example, if they received an advance, but still .

Types of accounts payable

There are several types of accounts payable. Let's consider each of them.

Type of creditor depending on the repayment period

  1. short-term - these are debts that the company will repay within the next 12 months. Such debts are also called current;
  2. long-term - these are debts with a maturity of more than a year. 12 months begin to be counted from the day when the debt was formed - the counterparty shipped the products, completed the work, made an advance payment, etc.

Types of creditors depending on the status of repayment

  1. the main one is the debts that the company plans to pay off;
  2. hopeless - a creditor whose statute of limitations has expired, or the creditor is not in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, or he has forgiven the debt. For example, if the parties entered into a settlement agreement, by virtue of which the creditor partially waived the requirements for the recovery of the principal debt and the penalty. That is, in fact, he forgave part of the debt and the penalty to which he was entitled under the terms of the contract. Such debt should be included in non-operating income.

Obligations to the creditor

The accountant takes into account the creditor on different accounting accounts. This is due to the reason for the debt:

  • for materials shipped;
  • on the received advance or prepayment;
  • on the salary of employees;
  • on taxes and fees;
  • for insurance premiums;
  • on the transfer of assets to dependent companies, etc.

For each reason - its own account. So tax debts can be determined by analyzing account 68, and contributions - 69. It is not necessary that a company has every type of such debt. For example, if all contracts with buyers were concluded on a post-payment basis, then there will be no advance payment debts.

Accounts payable turnover

Like any financial indicator, the size of creditors is analyzed. To do this, calculate the period of turnover of accounts payable. It is equal to the ratio of the average creditor, multiplied by the number of days in the billing period, to the cost of goods sold.

Turnover in days shows the crediting period, that is, the average duration of deferred payments. The longer the duration of accounts payable turnover, the more actively the company uses the funds of its partners.

The formula for calculating the period of accounts payable looks like this

Deciphering the values ​​for the formula:

  • T - the period of turnover of accounts payable;
  • KZsr - average accounts payable for the billing period;
  • D - the number of days in the billing period;
  • C / C - the cost of goods sold for the billing period.

The average creditor can be calculated by adding these figures at the beginning and end of the billing period and dividing by 2. The data for calculating the duration of the creditor's turnover can be taken from the financial statements. Look at the amount of debt in the balance sheet. Cost - in the income statement. If the firm calculates the indicator for the year, then the number of days is 365.

Accounts payable management

If you do not control the size of creditors, the company may face problems. And it can even go bankrupt. Competent work with a creditor will allow you to organize work so that the company can pay off debts on time and at the same time observe its financial interests - that is, it can be credited free of charge at the expense of suppliers.

To effectively manage accounts payable, you need to:

  • identify the optimal structure of creditors;
  • draw up an accounts payable budget and ensure that it is executed;
  • determine what indicators and coefficients should be calculated and approve their optimal values ​​and fluctuation limits.

Management of accounts payable of an enterprise is possible with the help of coefficients:

  • creditor turnover;
  • period of repayment (turnover) of the creditor;
  • the company's dependence on its creditors;
  • self-financing;
  • creditor profitability.

In the process of managing accounts payable, indicators are analyzed in dynamics. The most important thing is to trace the dynamics between creditors and receivables. It is good when short-term receivables fully cover the creditor.

The main task of management is to establish the priority and order of payments. The first step is to reduce the creditor, or, more simply, to pay off the debts of suppliers that are associated with the needs for production and sales. After all, if counterparties stop shipping goods or providing services, the company will not be able to work. To do this, it is important to analyze the terms of contracts with counterparties in a timely manner and, if necessary, change them.

The firm must support optimal size creditors. A decrease in accounts payable indicates that the organization has ceased to use the money of counterparties. That is, a free loan provided by partners. This does not mean that the company is acting incorrectly. But it shows the good financial condition of the organization.

Payables maturity date

Often the company faces the question of how to pay off accounts payable. After all, the company does not always have free money to do this. There are other options:

  • provide services to the counterparty, ship the goods to pay off the debt and sign the act of offset;
  • transfer any property as payment.

If such options are not suitable, and the payment term is suitable, then you can sign an additional agreement to postpone the payment term. Alternatively, you can sign agreements on debt restructuring.

The frequency of repayment of the organization's accounts payable can be considered optimal if the company pays debts to counterparties by closing accounts receivable. If to speak plain language, then this is a situation where money from buyers comes before suppliers and contractors need to be paid. So the company does not have to take bank loans in order to fulfill its obligations in a timely manner and avoid cash gaps.

In the modern economic world, organizations must correctly assess their financial capabilities and be able to calculate not only profits, but also debts. That is why accounts payable is a hot topic and allows you to really assess the capabilities of the enterprise. Knowing how to properly manage it, write off debts, as well as effectively analyze and draw conclusions, you can achieve good results in business.

Accounts Payable - What is it?

So, let's deal with the terms. Accounts payable is the debt of any entity, be it an individual or an entire company, to creditors. It is important to make a reservation here that the subject must pay off his debt without fail, otherwise especially malicious delays will be punished by the court.

By the way, such a debt appears when the date of receipt of goods or services does not coincide with the date when the goods should be paid. Speaking of liability, which will inevitably overtake the subject in case of non-payment of debts, it is regulated by Art. 177.

But what is accounts payable in simple words? Speaking very simply, this is money that the company owed to creditors, but could not pay at a strictly defined time.

Types of accounts payable

Speaking about the composition of accounts payable, you need to understand that it is determined by the absolute amounts of each type of debt. Well, if we talk about the structure of debt, then the main ones will be the shares certain types debt.

So, let's talk about what exactly characterizes accounts payable and what classifications it can be divided into. It:

  1. The initial debt that the company has to organizations providing services, as well as organizations supplying goods. Debt may be formed for material values ​​received, but not returned in monetary terms.
  2. The debt accrued to the enterprise to the personnel of the organization. That is, the company has debts directly to the employees of the company.
  3. The debt formed by the subject to extra-budgetary state funds. That is, it arises from contributions to compulsory insurance, from insurance payments, and so on.
  4. The subject owes the budget. That is, they did not make the necessary amounts for payments to the budget on time.
  5. Indebtedness available on advances. That is, there is a debt for advances that were received by the enterprise for the upcoming supply of certain services or goods.
  6. Debt owed to other creditors. Many items fit here, starting with debts for accrued fines and ending with debts to accountable persons.

By the way, this term can be classified in another way. In particular, accounts payable can be urgent or, conversely, non-urgent. Here it is worth explaining in more detail what this classification depends on. If we are talking, for example, about advances that were previously received from buyers, then they can be called non-urgent, since they do not lead to penalties accrued daily for delays. As a result, the repayment of such accounts payable may wait a bit until more “happy times”. If, on the contrary, we are talking about a creditor as a budget, banks, various funds, then such dogs can be called urgent, and such debts must be repaid in the first place.

In what cases can a company get into a "debt hole"? There are two options here:

  • in the event that the company does not fulfill its obligations on time, constantly delaying payments.
  • if the debt appears due to the existing settlement system, that is, the period allocated for payment does not coincide with the period when the payment was accrued.

In order to analyze accounts payable in more depth, it makes sense to consider the balance that you had at the end of the month. Find out exactly which payments were not paid on time and why this happened. This will help you analyze the situation and make ends meet next month.

Debt management

In order to more effectively manage the accounts payable formed by the enterprise, should determine their best structure in a given specific situation and for a specific organization. How to do it:

  1. To begin with, we draw up a debt budget, analyze and implement the coefficients and take them as planned.
  2. We analyze what we have done and compare it with the plan, and then determine from where the deviations from the norm arose. Based on the results of the analysis, we draw conclusions and, possibly, negotiate with creditors new terms in which you would have time to pay your debts.
  3. Next, based on the analyzed actions, you need to develop a plan that will help you cope with debts. Again, this will help you cope with the "debt hole" and in short time pay off all debts to creditors that you have accumulated over the current period.

Do not forget about the strategic approach. So, in order to ensure that relations with existing creditors correspond to the security of the enterprise, as well as its competitiveness and profitability, it is necessary to develop a strategic line, thanks to which new capital will be attracted and effectively used in the company.

How to account for debt

Unfortunately, any company, when performing economic activity, as a rule, there is at least a small, but "misfire" in front of creditors. Of course, if there are certain funds, and it is possible to quickly pay off counterparties, then no problems will arise. The topic will be closed as soon as the debt is paid off. However, how to write off the accounts payable of the enterprise, if at the moment you do not have enough funds to pay it off?

To begin with, debt can be defined as the debt of one firm to another firm for the purchase of various goods or services. This type of debt must be accounted for either before the date of deregistration or before the debt is repaid.

Amortization

Only when the organization has paid off all the debts it has, will the long-awaited debt cancellation occur. What does it look like in reality? You can either pay your debt by transferring funds to the creditor's account, or your debt will be set off against the debt that the creditor has to you. By the way, funds can be transferred either to the supplier himself or to another person with the consent of the supplier. But here it is important that the recipient is authorized by the supplier to accept the transferred money, which you can be informed about personally or sent information by letter. When your funds are transferred to the "intermediary" account, the obligation can be considered fulfilled.

However, if at the moment you are not able to pay the debt, in some cases you have the right to write it off. But there must be certain reasons specified in the law:

  1. If the limitation period has expired, which is three years from the moment it arose. In most cases, this is done through the courts.
  2. For other reasons established by law.

Debt cancellation

Let's take a closer look at the concept of debt relief. What is meant by this? And understand this a transaction that recognizes income and eliminates debt from outstanding. Since speech in this case it is about the recognition of income, then the operation will be recognized in tax and accounting only if the following rules are observed:

  • documentary evidence has been completed indicating the recognition of income;
  • correctly calculated the amount that is meant by income;
  • the date on which the income was recognized is correctly calculated.

Unfortunately, in order for the debt to really be written off, strong-willed desire alone is often not enough. To do this, you should be guided by certain criteria in order to recognize income. If we talk about tax accounting, then the norms of the Tax Code should be taken into account. If we talk about accounting, then they are guided by the norms of P (S) BU 15. In order for the debt to be written off, it is necessary that the debt has hopeless status.

So, what kind of debt can be called bad debt? Here it is necessary to take into account the norms of the NKU. It:

  1. First of all, the statute of limitations is taken into account. If three years have passed since the loan was taken, then the debt can be considered uncollectible.
  2. Also, the debt can be called bad debt, when it comes to mortgaged property.
  3. Sometimes a debt is considered bad if it cannot be collected due to situations that are out of the ordinary - for example, these may be force majeure situations characterized by natural disaster(tsunami, earthquake, etc.).

That is, if we are not talking about force majeure circumstances or about mortgaged property, then in another way the debt can be called bad only if it has expired the statute of limitations.

Borrowed capital

  1. If you are in need of borrowed funds, then such capital will be an excellent (and completely free) source of borrowed money. Thanks to him, you can not only increase the borrowed part of the funds, but also improve the overall financial condition of the company.
  2. The amount of borrowed capital directly affects the duration of the financial cycle and affects the amount of money needed to finance current assets. The larger the amount of accounts payable, the less the organization needs to raise funds from outside in order to finance activities.
  3. The state of debt largely depends on the financial condition of the company. It takes into account the turnover and the amount of goods sold and bought. If these factors increase, the company's costs accrued on accounts payable also increase, which inevitably leads to an increase in all debt, and vice versa. Conclusion: the turnover increases - the debt also increases.
  4. How high your debt will depend on how often you repay creditors. This periodicity of payments is regulated by the terms of contracts with partners, regulations from the state and only in a small part - by the internal standards of the organization.

The constant increase in debt without periodic repayment leads to increasing accounts payable, which is undesirable for the organization. In addition, it spoils its overall financial condition and market value.

If we talk about the amount of debt, then it is affected by the following points:

  1. The total number of purchases and the share allotted for the purchase on terms that imply subsequent payment, as well as the terms that were agreed in the contract with counterparties.
  2. Contractual obligations on which the company relies those who provide them with services or goods. It also takes into account how the market is currently saturated with the supplied products.
  3. Also, the policy that is used to repay the debt will also affect the debt, as well as how well the debt is analyzed and what is eventually done with the results obtained. In addition, the accounting system used by the organization is also taken into account. It is necessary to analyze the debts and draw the right conclusions.

When a company stops paying cash and starts using cashless payments, debt quality and total turnover creep up, while the amount of debt creeps down. As a result, the company becomes more financially stronger, solvent and resistant to financial “jumps”. As for the debt, it can be terminated by the fulfillment of obligations or simply written off due to financial lack of demand.